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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 9.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2022 Nov 23;317:115566. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115566

Table 2. Rate ratios of sub-city ABR associated with a 1-SD higher value of city-level scores and indicators before and after adjustment for city and sub-city level covariates (363 cities except where noted).

Contrast Unadjusted Adjusteda
RR (95%CI) RR (95%CI)
City Scores
WA autonomy score 1.36 0.81
(0.77,0.86) 		0.92
(0.86,0.99)
WA education score 1.95 0.85
(0.82,0.89) 		0.93
(0.89,0.96)e
WA health care scoreb 2.14 0.83
(0.76,0.90) 		0.88
(0.82,0.95)
Gender Inequality Index 0.14 1.04
(1.01,1.07) 		1.04
(1.01,1.06)
City Indicators
Education
% Women 25 and older with high school 12.88 0.86
(0.81,0.92) 		0.95
(0.90,1.00)e
% Men 25 and older with high school 14.31 0.82
(0.77,0.87) 		0.91
(0.86,0.96)e
% Women 25 and older with university 4.72 0.87
(0.84,0.90) 		0.93
(0.90,0.96)e
Labor force
% Women 15 and older in the labor force 8.04 0.82
(0.78,0.86) 		0.88
(0.85,0.92)
% Men 15 and older in the labor force 3.18 0.98
(0.95,1.01)		 0.99
(0.96,1.01)
Health care
% Women 50–79 with mammogram in the last 2 yearsb 0.17 0.83
(0.77,0.89) 		0.87
(0.82,0.93)
% Women 25–49 with pap smear in the last 3 yearsc 0.09 0.89
(0.82,0.96) 		0.95
(0.89,1.01)
Political participation and child marriage
Cities with at least 1 female elected mayord – 0.93
(0.87,0.99) 		0.94
(0.89,0.99)
% Women 15-17 married/15–17 female pop 1 1.03
(0.99,1.07)		 1.00
(0.97,1.03)

All variables were standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, the association reflects the difference associated with a 1 standard deviation higher value (corresponding to the value in the Contrast column), unless otherwise specified. Each row corresponds to a separate model (exposures of interest are examined one at a time in separate models). Results come from a model of subcities nested in cities, with adjustment variables as defined below.

a

Adjusted 1, models are adjusted for: population size, population growth, and homicide rates at a city level, and living conditions and educational attainment scores at sub-city level.

b

This variable is only available for 129 cities, 4 countries.

c

For Peru the age range is 30-49, this indicator is only available for 176 L1AD, 6 countries.

d

Variable included as binary (0/1).

e

The models for these variables exclude the sub-city population educational attainment score. The results when sub-city population educational attainment was included were as follows: WA education score (RR 0.98; 95%CI 0.95,1.02), % women 25 and older with high school (RR 1.03; 95%CI 0.98,1.09), % men 25 and older with high school (RR 0.98; 95%CI 0.93,1.03), % women 25 and older with university (RR 0.97; 95%CI 0.94,1.00).