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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 25;28(7):2839–2847. doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02067-2

Fig. 1. Research studies in the field of neuroimaging epigenetics.

Fig. 1

A Number of published studies between 2011 and 2021. B Sample sizes across studies. C Possible directional links between methylomic patterns in peripheral and brain tissue. Of note, not shown but equally possible is the absence of a relationship between peripheral and brain-tissue methylation (i.e., with both, neither or only one of these DNAm measures influencing neuroimaging traits). In addition and like DNAm in peripheral tissues, brain tissue methylation is highly heterogenous both spatially (i.e., between brain regions and cell types) and temporally. Hence, any one of the proposed relationships might be true for some but not other brain regions or life stages.