Table 1. Baseline characteristics for the whole cohort and the sub-cohorts that score in the top and bottom half along the first and second dimensions of covariation discovered in this study.
| Cohort | Whole cohort | Bottom half on first dimension | Top half on first dimension | Bottom half on second dimension | Top half on second dimension |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,837 | 919 | 918 | 919 | 918 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 57.9 (12.4) | 58.0 (12.7) | 57.8 (12.2) | 57.8 (12.6) | 58.0 (12.3) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 673 (36.6) | 330 (35.9) | 343 (37.4) | 316 (34.4) | 357 (38.9) |
| Male | 1,060 (57.7) | 540 (58.8) | 520 (56.6) | 553 (60.2) | 507 (55.2) |
| Missing | 104 (5.7) | 49 (5.3) | 55 (6.0) | 50 (5.4) | 54 (5.9) |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| White | 1,385 (75.4) | 689 (75.0) | 696 (75.8) | 689 (75.0) | 696 (75.8) |
| Mixed | 26 (1.4) | 16 (1.7) | 10 (1.1) | 14 (1.5) | 12 (1.3) |
| Asian | 217 (11.8) | 103 (11.2) | 114 (12.4) | 117 (12.7) | 100 (10.9) |
| Black | 104 (5.7) | 52 (5.7) | 52 (5.7) | 54 (5.9) | 50 (5.4) |
| Other | 58 (3.2) | 31 (3.4) | 27 (2.9) | 30 (3.3) | 28 (3.1) |
| Unknown | 47 (2.6) | 28 (3.0) | 19 (2.1) | 15 (1.6) | 32 (3.5) |
| Education | |||||
| Primary school | 40 (2.2) | 18 (2.0) | 22 (2.4) | 17 (1.8) | 23 (2.5) |
| Secondary school | 550 (29.9) | 274 (29.8) | 276 (30.1) | 281 (30.6) | 269 (29.3) |
| Sixth-form college | 237 (12.9) | 117 (12.7) | 120 (13.1) | 114 (12.4) | 123 (13.4) |
| Vocational qualification | 222 (12.1) | 108 (11.8) | 114 (12.4) | 107 (11.6) | 115 (12.5) |
| Undergraduate university degree | 301 (16.4) | 150 (16.3) | 151 (16.4) | 160 (17.4) | 141 (15.4) |
| Postgraduate qualification | 237 (12.9) | 122 (13.3) | 115 (12.5) | 123 (13.4) | 114 (12.4) |
| Prefer not to say | 51 (2.8) | 25 (2.7) | 26 (2.8) | 24 (2.6) | 27 (2.9) |
| None | 50 (2.7) | 26 (2.8) | 24 (2.6) | 29 (3.2) | 21 (2.3) |
| Missing | 149 (8.1) | 79 (8.6) | 70 (7.6) | 64 (7.0) | 85 (9.3) |
| Income, n (%) | |||||
| <£19,000 | 252 (13.7) | 116 (12.6) | 136 (14.8) | 117 (12.7) | 135 (14.7) |
| £19,001–26,000 | 207 (11.3) | 97 (10.6) | 110 (12.0) | 107 (11.6) | 100 (10.9) |
| £26,001–35,000 | 202 (11.0) | 100 (10.9) | 102 (11.1) | 104 (11.3) | 98 (10.7) |
| £35,001–48,000 | 200 (10.9) | 103 (11.2) | 97 (10.6) | 102 (11.1) | 98 (10.7) |
| >£48,001 | 439 (23.9) | 224 (24.4) | 215 (23.4) | 227 (24.7) | 212 (23.1) |
| Prefer not to say | 386 (21.0) | 198 (21.5) | 188 (20.5) | 193 (21.0) | 193 (21.0) |
| Missing | 151 (8.2) | 81 (8.8) | 70 (7.6) | 69 (7.5) | 82 (8.9) |
| Is married, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1,034 (56.3) | 517 (56.3) | 517 (56.3) | 523 (56.9) | 511 (55.7) |
| No | 669 (36.4) | 334 (36.3) | 335 (36.5) | 335 (36.5) | 334 (36.4) |
| Missing | 134 (7.3) | 68 (7.4) | 66 (7.2) | 61 (6.6) | 73 (8.0) |
| English as the first language, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1,469 (80.0) | 734 (79.9) | 735 (80.1) | 733 (79.8) | 736 (80.2) |
| No | 244 (13.3) | 123 (13.4) | 121 (13.2) | 133 (14.5) | 111 (12.1) |
| Missing | 124 (6.8) | 62 (6.7) | 62 (6.8) | 53 (5.8) | 71 (7.7) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Cardiovascular condition | 826 (45.0) | 410 (44.6) | 416 (45.3) | 400 (43.5) | 426 (46.4) |
| History of cerebrovascular accident | 79 (4.3) | 37 (4.0) | 42 (4.6) | 35 (3.8) | 44 (4.8) |
| Dementia | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Parkinson’s disease | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| Psychiatric or neurological condition | 332 (18.1) | 168 (18.3) | 164 (17.9) | 159 (17.3) | 173 (18.8) |
| ME/CFS/fibromyalgia/chronic pain | 93 (5.1) | 45 (4.9) | 48 (5.2) | 44 (4.8) | 49 (5.3) |
| Diabetes | 366 (19.9) | 179 (19.5) | 187 (20.4) | 173 (18.8) | 193 (21.0) |
| Respiratory condition | 507 (27.6) | 261 (28.4) | 246 (26.8) | 249 (27.1) | 258 (28.1) |
| Rheumatological condition | 285 (15.5) | 148 (16.1) | 137 (14.9) | 136 (14.8) | 149 (16.2) |
| Gastrointestinal condition | 391 (21.3) | 199 (21.7) | 192 (20.9) | 194 (21.1) | 197 (21.5) |
| Endocrine condition | 147 (8.0) | 71 (7.7) | 76 (8.3) | 74 (8.1) | 73 (8.0) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 72 (3.9) | 37 (4.0) | 35 (3.8) | 30 (3.3) | 42 (4.6) |
| History of cancer | 134 (7.3) | 66 (7.2) | 68 (7.4) | 67 (7.3) | 67 (7.3) |
| Chronic infectious disease | 38 (2.1) | 20 (2.2) | 18 (2.0) | 22 (2.4) | 16 (1.7) |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Number at 6 months, n (%) | 1,837 (100.0) | 919 (100.0) | 918 (100.0) | 919 (100.0) | 918 (100.0) |
| Time at 6 months, median (IQR), days | 176 (135–206) | 176 (137–206) | 177 (133–206) | 177 (134–207) | 175 (138–205) |
| Number at 12 months, n (%) | 626 (34.0) | 308 (33.5) | 318 (34.6) | 310 (33.7) | 316 (34.4) |
| Time at 12 months, median (IQR), days | 403 (375–426) | 404 (376–426) | 402 (374–428) | 406 (376–427) | 400 (374–426) |
| Diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||||
| Positive PCR test, n (%) | 1,553 (84.5) | 795 (86.5) | 758 (82.6) | 795 (86.5) | 758 (82.6) |
| Undocumented method, n (%) | 284 (15.5) | 124 (13.5) | 160 (17.4) | 124 (13.5) | 160 (17.4) |
IQR, interquartile range; ME, myalgic encephalomyelitis.