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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Apr 13;(4):CD001035. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001035.pub2

Table 4. Outcome data: incidence of STIs.

Study Intervention
group 1		 Intervention
group 2		 Intervention
group 3		 Statistical significance Other
Boyer 2005 (mean 14 months from baseline) Cognitive-behavioural intervention Health promotion control N/A Statistical significance Other
Any of three STIs 47 (5.7%)a 73 (8.8%)a N/A NR
DiClemente 2004 HIV prevention intervention General health promotion group N/A p-value for OR Adjusted odds ratio (OR), 95% CI) for the 12 month period after baseline (from GEE regression model)
Crude laboratory-determined chlamydia incidence per 100 person-months For full 0 to12 month period 2.1 2.0 P = 0.04 OR 0.17 (0.03, 0.92)
Crude laboratory-determined Trichomonas incidence per 100 person-months For full 0 to 12 month period 0.9 1.2 P = 0.16 OR 0.37 (0.09, 1.46)
Crude laboratory-determined gonorrhoea incidence per 100 person-months For full 0 to 12 month period 0.9 0.7 P = 0.21 OR 0.14 (0.01, 3.02)
DiClemente 2009 STI/HIV risk reduction intervention (Horizons) Enhanced usual care comparison N/A Statistical significance Generalised estimating equations regression models (GEE) Risk ratio (95% CI)
chlamydia incidence baseline to 12 months, n 42 67 crude RR 0. 71, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.02) P = 0.059 0.65 (0.42 to 0.98) P = 0.04
Gonorrhoea incidence baseline to 12 months, n 23 25 P = 0.62 0.85 (0.44 to 1.63)
Trichomoniasis incidence baseline to 12 months, n 52 57 P = 0.87 0.96 (0.59 to 1.54)
Downs 2004 Interactive video intervention Content-matched control Topic-matched control Statistically significant Other
% with self-reported diagnosis with any of 9 STIs (including chlamydia) during previous 3 months (6 month follow- up) 11.8b Data for groups 2 & 3 pooled for analysis 22.1b OR 2.79 P = 0.05 (Stated frequency lower in interactive video intervention group; same direction of difference applied to all 9 STIs; sign test P = 0.004)
% with self-reported diagnosis with chlamydia during previous 3 months (6 month follow-up) 5.8b Data for groups 2 & 3 pooled for analysis 7.8b OR 7.75 P = 0.05 (Stated frequency lower in interactive video intervention group)
% with clinically-determined chlamydia at 6 month follow-up Not reported Data for groups 2 & but not reported 3 pooled for analysis OR 2.79 P = 0.56 (underpowered)c (Frequency lower in interactive video intervention)
Jemmott 2005 Skills-based HIV/ STD risk reduction intervention Information-based HIV/ STD risk reduction intervention Health promotion control p-value for difference based on adjusted means; effect size, d (p-value for d)
Mean (SE) % testing positive for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis 6 month follow-up with corresponding baseline data for 6-month completers Baseline, unadjusted: 21.3 (3. 1) 3 months, unadjusted: 15.5 (2.8) 3 months, adjusted: 15.8 (2.7) 27.2 (3.4) 16.0 (2.8) 15.5 (2.8) 17.5 (2.9) 14.6 (2.7) 14.8 (2.8) Group 1 versus Group 2: P = 0.91; d=NR Group 1 versus Group 3: P = 0.80; d=NR Group 2 versus Group 3: P = 0.89; d=NR
Mean (SE) % testing positive for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis 12 month follow-up with corresponding baseline data for 12-month completers Baseline, unadjusted: 23.6 (3. 5) 12 months, unadjusted: 10.8 (2.6) 12 months, adjusted: 10.5 (2.9) 24.7 (3.5) 16.0 (3.0) 15.4 (2.9) 14.3 (2.8) 17.4 (3.0) 18.2 (2.8) Group 1 versus Group 2: P = 0.23; d=NR Group 1 versus Group 3: P = 0.05; d=0.18 (P = 0.05) Group 2 versus Group 3: P = 0.44; d=NR
Kershaw 2009 Group prenatal care with an integrated HIV component Group prenatal care Individual prenatal care OR, 95% CI) for difference [Group 1] versus/Groups 2 & 3 combined] adjusted for baseline variables
% testing positive for chlamydia and/ or gonorrhoea At 3rd trimester (ca 17 weeks after baseline) 6.9 7.2 7.1 OR 0.88 (0.53 - 1. 47); P = 0.63
% testing positive for chlamydia and/ or gonorrhoea At 6 months postpartum (ca 49 weeks after baseline) 6.9 6.6 5.8 OR 0.95 (0.55 - 1. 64); P = 0.86
% testing positive for chlamydia and/ or gonorrhoea At 12 months postpartum (ca 75 weeks after baseline) 8.8 8.1 10.2 OR 0.72 (0.38 - 1. 36); P = 0.32
Orr 1996 Brief clinic-based condom use education and practical skills development session Brief clinic-based condom use education session N/A Difference between groups
% reinfected with chlamydia at 6 month follow-up 26 17 P = 0.3
Peipert 2008 Individual-tailored dual contraception computer intervention Enhanced standard care computer intervention N/A Hazard Rate Ratio, 95% CI) for Group 1

  1. unadjusted

  2. adjusted for baseline covariates
Any STI (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomonas, HSV, PID) at 24 month follow-up n/N (%) 43/272 (16) 44/270 (16)

  1. 1.06 (0.69,1.61)

  2. 1.29 (0.70,2.36)
chlamydia at 24 month follow-up n/N (%) 27/272 (10) 26/270 (10)

  1. 1.13 (0.66,1.94)

  2. 1.31 (0.61,2.82)
Gonorrhoea at 24 month follow-up n/N (%) 12/272 (4) 13/270 (5)

  1. 0.96 (0.44,2.11)

  2. 1.83 (0.61, 5.50)
Trichomonas at 24 month follow-up n/N (%) 13/272 (5) 9/270 (3)

  1. 1.52 (0.65, 3.55)

  2. 2.41 (0.72,8.02)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) at 24 month follow-up n/N (%) 8/272 (3) 4/270 (1)

  1. 2.13 (0.64,7.07)

  2. 1.03 (0.20, 5.19)
Roye 2007 1: Video + counselling; 2: Counselling only; 3: Video only; 4: Usual care Group differences
Self-reported recurrent STIs at 3 months follow-up NR Not explicitly reported but implied that there was no statistically signifi-cant difference between groups for this outcome (P > 0. 05)
Postitive chlamydia tests at 3 months follow-up NR
Scholes 2003 Self-help intervention Usual care N/A Unadjusted OR, 95% CI) Adjusted OR, 95% CI); p-value
Percentage sexually active who reported STI diagnosis in past 3 months At 6 month follow-up (total both groups n = 849) 3.5 3.6 0.95 (0.49, 1.83) p-value NR 0.97 (0.48, 1.96) P = 0.93
Shain 1999 Behavioural-cognitive intervention Nurse practitioner-led counselling N/A Difference Group 1 versusGroup 2 (OR or Chi square test; p-value)
No (%) of episodes of chlamydia and/ or gonorrhoea infection during the 12 month study period
1) Zero
2) One
3) Two or more		 n = 285
1) 237 (83.2)
2) 32 (11.2)
3) 16 (5.6)		 n = 264
1) 193 (73.1)
2) 51 (19.3)
3) 20 (7.6)		 P = 0.01 Chi-square test for the association ofgroup assignment with the number ofepisodes ofin-fection
No (%) of participants infected with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea
0 to 6 months		 n = 265
30 (11.3)		 n = 244
42 (17.2)		 OR0.58,95%CI0. 34 to 0.99)
P = 0.05		 OR, 95% CI) from multiple logistic regression
No (%) of participants infected with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea
6 to 12 months		 n = 285
26 (9.1)		 n = 260
46 (17.7)		 OR0.49,95%CI0. 29 to 0.83)
P = 0.008		 OR, 95% CI) from multiple logistic regression
No (%) of participants infected with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea
0 to 12 months		 n = 285
48 (16.8)		 n = 264
71 (26.9)		 OR0.52,95%CI0. 34 to 0.81)
P = 0.004		 OR, 95% CI) from multiple logistic regression
Shrier 2001 (at 12 months) Safer sex education Standard care/STD education N/A Difference
% reported having an STD since enrolment 17 32 P = 0.17

NR=not reported

a

Denominator for both groups is 826 (which is less than the 1381 who completed the study, notwithstanding the fact that 486 women were not screened for STIs at 2nd post-intervention follow-up because of limited study resources). It is not clear what the denominator is for each of the randomised study groups.

b

Data estimated from a graph using a graphical measurement computer programme (Engauge); not reported whether this is a mean value

c

This test has only 12% power at alpha=0.05