Table 26. The effect of maternal vitamin D status in gestation on offspring blood pressure – Observational studies.
| First Author and year |
Bias score |
Study type |
Study Details, age at which offspring blood pressure children was measured | Confounders/ adjustments |
Number of weeks gestation when maternal 25(OH)D3 was measured | Mean (SD) or median (IQR) maternal 25(OH)D concentration (nmol/l) | Mean (SD) offspring blood pressure according to maternal 25(OH)D category/ Unadjusted correlation co-efficient (r) or regression co-efficient (B) (95% CI) | Adjusted correlation co-efficient (r) or regression coefficient (B) (95% CI) | Conclusion | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gale, 2008 25 | 4 (med) | Cohort | Princess Anne Cohort, Southampton, UK n=178 women, and Children assessed at 9 years | Nil | Late pregnancy (median (IQR) 32.6 (32-33.4) weeks | 50 (30-75.3) 50.4% had 25(OH)D >50nmol/k 28.3% had levels 27.5-50 nmol/l 21.1% had levels <27.5 nmol/l |
Maternal 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | p value | Not given | No significant association between maternal 25(OH)D concentration measured in late pregnancy and offspring blood pressure at age 9 | ||||
| <30 | −50 | −75 | >75 | |||||||||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 103.4 (7.94) | 102.2 (7.26) | 101.9 (8.18) | 102.9 (8.10) | 0.47 | |||||||||
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 59.8 (5.25) | 60.1 (5.49) | 60.2 (5.7) | 59.9 (6.2) | 0.75 | |||||||||
| Krishnaveni 2011 102 | 4 (med) | Cohort | Mysore Parthenon Study, Mysore, India Children assessed at 5 years (n=338) and 9.5 years (n=312) |
Offspring sex and age, maternal BMI, gestational diabetes, socioeconomic score, parity and religion | 28-32 weeks (at study entry) | 39.0 (24-58) 67% of women had 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l (the authors definition of deficiency) |
Maternal 25(OH)D | Comparing offspring of mothers with and without 25(OH)D deficiency (deficient=0, non-deficient=1) 5 yr systolic BP β=0.3 (−1.32, 1.89; p=0.72) 5 yr diastolic BP β= −0.3 (−1.67, 0.98; p=0.61) 9.5 yr systolic BP β=− 1.2 (−2.87, 0.42;p=0.15) 9.5 yr diastolic BP β=0.4 (−0.90, 1.74; p=0.53) | No significant difference in offspring BP at 5 and 9.5 years in those born to mothers with 25(OH)D deficiency in late pregnancy compared to those born to mothers without vitamin D deficiency | |||||
| < 50 nmol/l (deficient) | >50 nmol/l (non-deficient) | p value | ||||||||||||
| Systolic BP at 5 yr (mm Hg) | 96.7 (8.4) | 97.0 (8.1) | 0.67 | |||||||||||
| Diastolic BP at 5 yr (mm Hg) | 58.3 (6.8) | 57.9 (6.6) | 0.54 | |||||||||||
| Systolic BP at 9.5 yr (mm Hg) | 101.6 (8.7) | 100.5 (8.3) | 0.2 | |||||||||||
| Diastolic BP at 9.5 yr (mm Hg) | 58.3 (6.5) | 58.7 (7.2) | 0.5 | |||||||||||