Table 3. Validation of microarray results using quantitative PCR.

Gene	ES versus C fold change	p value
Upregulated
Art5	2.88±0.78	0.03
Camk1g	1.65±0.31	0.04
Grin2d	1.23±0.03	0.003
Impa1	1.21±0.04	0.006
Kcnh2	1.45±0.16	0.004
Nlgn1	1.58±0.23	0.03
Ppp3ca	1.29±0.01	0.006
Ppp3r2	2.86±0.64	0.03
Tnfrsf1b	1.22±0.01	0.01
Downregulated
Adrb3	0.66±0.11	0.02
Gnb1	0.82±0.09	0.06
Kcna3	0.75±0.09	0.09
Kcnh7	0.70±0.04	0.006

Genes of particular interest implicated in cellular signaling, excitability, and neuronal plasticity were chosen for qPCR to validate the microarray results. The validation of the microarray by qPCR was carried out in tissue samples from an independent cohort of experimental animals. All genes were normalized to an average of four housekeeping genes (18s rRNA, Gapdh, Hprt,β-actin), which were not regulated in the microarray. Genes up-regulated in the early life stress group are shown in alphabetical order at the top of the table and down-regulated genes are shown in alphabetical order at the bottom. Data are expressed as fold change (mean±SEM). The p values were obtained using an unpaired t test, (Nlgn1, Ppp3ca, Ppp3r2, Tnfrsf1b, Adrb3, Gnb1, Kcna3, Kcnh7, n=4–7 per group; Art5, Grin2d, Kcnh2, n=6 –10 per group; Camk1g, Impa1, n=13–16 per group).