Table 3. Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of the Risk Factors for Death Among 215 449 Patients.
| Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value | PAF, % (95% CI) |
| Platelet count, Hb levela | |||||
| ≥50 000 platelets/μL | |||||
| ≥5 g/dL | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| <5 g/dL | 3.92 (3.43—4.49) | <.001 | 5.21 (4.53–5.98) | <.001 | 7.26 (6.17–8.33) |
| <50 000 platelets/μL | |||||
| ≥5 g/dL | 3.07 (2.73–3.45) | <.001 | 4.65 (4.10–5.28) | <.001 | 9.71 (8.43–10.97) |
| <5 g/dL | 11.28 (9.49–13.42) | <.001 | 16.44 (13.70–19.74) | <.001 | 5.24 (4.42–6.04) |
| Infecting Plasmodium species | |||||
| None (negative test results) | Reference | Reference | |||
| P. falciparum | 0.61 (.54–0.69) | <.001 | 0.43 (.38–.49) | <.001 | <0 |
| P. vivax | 0.38 (.31–.46) | <.001 | 0.32 (.26–.39) | <.001 | <0 |
| P. malariae | 0.56 (.32–.96) | .036 | 0.50 (.29–.87) | .014 | <0 |
| >1 (mixed infection) | 0.49 (.38–.63) | <.001 | 0.36 (.28–.47) | <.001 | <0 |
| Age, y | |||||
| ≥15 | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| <1 | 1.37 (1.22–1.53) | <.001 | 1.47 (1.30–1.65) | <.001 | 4.24 (2.78–5.67) |
| 1 to <5 | 0.60 (.53–.67) | <.001 | 0.72 (.64–.82) | <.001 | <0 |
| 5 to <15 | 0.56 (.48–.65) | <.001 | 0.65 (.56–.76) | <.001 | <0 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| Male | 1.58 (1.46–1.71) | <.001 | 1.63 (1.51–1.77) | <.001 | 21.56 (18.10–24.87) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Papuan | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| Highland Papuan | 0.61 (.56–.67) | <.001 | 0.60 (.54–.66) | <.001 | <0 |
| Lowland Papuan | 0.93 (.83–1.05) | .267 | 0.96 (.85–1.09) | .540 | <0 |
| Yearb | |||||
| 2004 | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| 2005 | 0.98 (.80–1.20) | .867 | 1.11 (.91–1.36) | .316 | … |
| 2006 | 1.41 (1.16–1.71) | .001 | 1.55 (1.27–1.89) | <.001 | … |
| 2007 | 1.57 (1.29–1.90) | <.001 | 1.55 (1.28–1.89) | <.001 | … |
| 2008 | 1.84 (1.52–2.22) | <.001 | 1.82 (1.50–2.21) | <.001 | … |
| 2009 | 0.92 (.75–1.12) | .401 | 1.04 (.85–1.27) | .687 | … |
| 2010 | 0.76 (.62–0.93) | .009 | 0.87 (.71–1.07) | .201 | … |
| 2011 | 0.93 (.76–1.14) | .497 | 1.07 (.87–1.31) | .513 | … |
| 2012 | 0.87 (.71–1.06) | .158 | 1.03 (.85–1.26) | .748 | … |
| Malaria presentations in the past 2 mo, no. | |||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | … | ||
| ≥1 | 0.63 (.55–.72) | <.001 | 0.80 (.69–.91) | .001 | <0 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Hb, hemoglobin; OR, odds ratio; PAF, population attributable fraction.
a
Severe thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count of <50 000 platelets/μL, and anemia was defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) level of <5 g/dL.
b
Included in the model for calculation of overall PAFs, but PAFs are not presented.