Table 3.

Association between Schistosoma mansoni and HIV

Risk factor	†HIV positive Proportion (%)	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	P-value (trend)	Adjusted odds ratio‡ (95% CI)	P-value§ (trend)
S. mansoni (tested using stool KK)
Not infected	96/538 (17.8)	1	0.78	1	0.81
Infected	116/719 (16.1)	0.95 (0.68–1.33)		1.04 (0.74–1.47)
S. mansoni intensity categories
Uninfected	96/538 (17.8)	1	0.39 (0.22)	1	0.65 (0.67)
Light (<100 epg)	58/282 (20.6)	1.27 (0.85–1.90)		1.22 (0.87–1.70)
Moderate (100–399 epg)	31/206 (15.0)	0.88 (0.46–1.65)		0.90 (0.42–1.90)
Heavy (≥400 epg)	27/231 (11.7)	0.68 (0.33–1.38)		0.87 (0.39–1.91)
Schistosoma infection (tested using urine circulating cathodic antigen)
Negative	31/172 (18.0)	1	0.15	1	0.19
Positive	99/478 (20.7)	1.42 (0.87–2.31)		1.53 (0.78–3.00)

CI, confidence interval.

^†HIV is the acronym for human immunodeficiency virus.

^‡Odds ratios estimated using logistic regression models with linearised standard errors and weighting to allow for the survey design; adjusted odds ratios (aORs) estimated from multivariable logistic regression models that included sex, age, occupation, asset score (generated by adding number of assets that household owns) and prior treatment for worms.

^§P-values are from the Wald test adjusted for the survey design.