Table 2.

Methodological quality and risk of bias assessment for included studies

Randomised controlled trials
Domains	Sequence generation		Blinding of participants and outcome assessors	Incomplete outcome data	Selective outcome reporting	Other sources of potential bias
Signalling questions	Was the allocation sequence adequately generated?	Was allocation adequately concealed?	Was knowledge of the allocated intervention adequately prevented during the study?	Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed?	Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting	Was the study free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias?	Overall quality of study
Adolescents’ completion of steps of HIV care pathway
No studies
Adolescents’ retention on antiretroviral therapy
No studies
Adolescents’ adherence to antiretroviral therapy
Berrian [18]	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	No	Low
Bhana [19]	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	No	No	No	Low
Letourneau [26]	No	No	No	No	No	No	Low

Non-randomised studies
	Participant selection		Exposure to intervention		Comparability	Assessment of outcomes				Other potential sources of bias
Domains	Were participants selected to be representative of the target population	Were there clear participant selection criteria (for both exposed and control group if relevant), avoiding in appropriate exclusions?	Was a comparator/control group assessed?	Was the intervention being studied applied consistently to all eligible participants?	Were potential confounders identified and appropriately adjusted for?	Were procedures for assessment of outcome sufficient to satisfy confirmation of presence of condition of interest?	Was follow-up long enough for outcome to occur?	Were incomplete outcome data adequately addressed?	Are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting?	Was the study free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias?	Overall quality of study
Adolescents’ completion of steps of HIV care pathway
Lamb [25]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	Good
Adolescents’ retention on antiretroviral therapy
Davila [20]	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Yes	No	No	No	Good
Lamb [25]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	Good
Adolescents’ adherence to antiretroviral therapy
Foster [21]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Good
Funck-Brentano [22]	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Low
Glikman [23]	No	Yes	No	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Moderate
Kaihin [24]	Unclear	No	Yes	Unclear	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Moderate
Lyon [27]	No	No	No	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Moderate
Parsons [28]	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Moderate