Table 3.
Association between social disadvantage at birth and foetal risk indicators with later childhood emotional/behavioral disorders (at ages 7, 11, and 16 years)
| Internalising disorders | Externalising disorders | All emotional/behavioral disorders | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early-life factors | OR (95%CI) at 7 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 11 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 16 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 7 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 11 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 16 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 7 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 11 yrs |
OR (95%CI) at 16 yrs |
| Social disadvantage indicators | |||||||||
| Manual occupational class |
1.38 (1.27-1.49) | 1.49 (1.38-1.62) | 1.08 (0.98-1.21) | 1.31 (1.21-1.42) | 1.43 (1.32-1.55) | 1.55 (1.41-1.70) | 1.40 (1.29-1.52) | 1.48 (1.36-1.60) | 1.31 (1.16-1.47) |
| Council/Rented accommodation |
1.43 (1.34-1.54 | 1.34 (1.25-1.44) | 1.09 (0.99-1.19) | 1.30 (1.21-1.42) | 1.36 (1.27-1.46) | 1.47 (1.35-1.59) | 1.55 (1.25-1.46) | 1.32 (1.23-1.43) | 1.27 (1.15-1.43) |
| Financial difficulty | 2.14 (1.85-2.48); | 1.88 (1.63-2.17) | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) | 1.80 (1.55-2.08) | 1.78 (1.54-2.05) | 1.78 (1.51-2.11) | 2.08 (1.74-2.49) | 1.80 (1.53-2.12) | 1.44 (1.13-1.84) |
| Single mother | 1.31 (1.12-1.53) | 1.36 (1.12-1.66) | 1.15 (0.88-1.51) | 1.45 (1.23-1.69) | 1.55 (1.27-1.89) | 1.81 (1.42-2.31) | 1.15 (0.93-1.43) | 1.34 (1.10-1.69) | 1.49 (1.04-2.13) |
| Summed social disadvantage (continuous) |
1.30 (1.25-1.36) | 1.30 (1.24-1.36) | 1.06 (0.99-1.12) | 1.22 (1.17-1.28) | 1.28 (1.22-1.34) | 1.36 (1.29-1.44) | 1.27 (1.21-1.34) | 1.28 (1.22-1.34) | 1.20 (1.12-1.29) |
| Foetal risk indicators | |||||||||
| Smoking (mother) | 1.10 (1.03-1.20) | 1.01 (0.95-1.12); | 1.06 (0.95-1.18); | 1.19 (1.10-1.29) | 1.11 (1.02-1.20) | 1.30 (1.19-1.43) | 1.11 (1.02-1.22) | 1.07 (0.98-1.16) | 1.23 (1.08-1.40) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | 1.04 (0.95-1.12) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13); | 0.93 (0.86-1.01); | 1.02 (0.94-1.10) | 0.89 (0.81-0.99); | 0.97 (0.86-1.10) | 1.02 (0.94-1.12); | 0.97 (0.89-1.07) |
| Low birthweight | 1.26 (1.11-1.44) | 1.08 (0.95-1.24) | 0.97 (0.81-1.15) | 1.19 (1.05-1.36) | 0.92 (0.81-1.05) | 1.06 (0.91-1.24) | 1.21 (1.04-1.40) | 1.03 (0.90-1.19) | 1.08 (0.88-1.34) |
| Prematurity | 1.21 (1.09-1.35) | 1.22 (1.09-1.36) | 1.04 (0.90-1.21) | 1.18 (1.06-1.32) | 1.23 (1.10-1.37) | 1.15 (1.01-1.31) | 1.17 (1.04-1.33) | 1.23 (1.09-1.39) | 1.15 (0.96-1.37) |
| Summed foetal risk indicators (continuous) |
1.08 (1.03-1.13) | 1.07 (1.02-1.12) | 1.02 (0.96-1.09) | 1.08 (1.03-1.14) | 1.07 (1.02-1.13) | 1.08 (1.02-1.14) | 1.07 (1.02-1.13) | 1.07 (1.02-1.13) | 1.09 (1.01-1.18) |
OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Associations for behavior and social disadvantage are adjusted for pregnancy-related complications. Associations for pregnancy-related complications and internalising and externalising disorders have been adjusted for social disadvantage indicator. The highlighted represents the logistic regression models that were statistically significant i.e. if the confidence interval did not include the null value 1.