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Schematic diagrams of the causal inference methods being implemented in this study
a) Investigating longitudinal associations between BMI and HIF3A methylation
b) Investigating the dominant direction of causality in the association between BMI and HIF3A methylation with the use of bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis
c) Investigating the intra-uterine effect of maternal smoking on offspring DNA methylation with the use of a parental comparison design.
