Table 2:
Sample characteristics, mean daily nutrient and food group intakes and mean levels of anthropometric indicators in the bottom and top quintiles of the 3 dietary patterns in 7067 participants in the Indian Migration Study, 2006
| Cereals-Savoury Food Patterna |
Fruit-Veg-Sweets-Snacks Patterna |
Animal-Food Patterna | TOTAL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n=1353) | Q5 (n=1275) | Q1 (n=1248) | Q5 (n=1361) | Q1 (n=1314) | Q5 (n=1313) | |||
| Sample characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (years)b | 43.3 (8.7) | 43.7 (8.9)† | 44.4 (10.0) | 37.8 (10.1)† | 39.9 (10.9) | 40.7 (9.8)NS | 40.8 (10.4) | |
| Female | 488 (34.5) | 558 (39.5)* | 650 (46.0) | 456 (32.3)† | 704 (49.8) | 447 (31.6)† | 2944 (41.7) | |
| Illiteratec | 87 (6.2) | 85 (6.0)NS | 314 (22.2) | 34 (2.4)† | 75 (5.3) | 107 (7.8)* | 641 (9.1) | |
| High SLIc | 1220 (86.3) | 1227 (86.8)NS | 920 (65.1) | 1240 (87.8)† | 1208 (85.4) | 1174 (83.1)NS | 5768 (81.6) | |
| Place of residencec |
Lucknow | 1,333 (94.3) | 6 (0.4) | 149 (10.5) | 427 (30.2) | 579 (41.0) | 146 (10.3) | 2000 (28.3) |
| Nagpur | 80 (5.7) | 30 (2.1) | 113 (8.0) | 537 (38.0) | 451 (31.9) | 282 (20.0) | 1640 (23.2) | |
| Hyderabad | 0 (0) | 511 (36.2) | 762 (53.9) | 231 (16.4) | 193 (13.7) | 583 (41.3) | 1995 (28.2) | |
| Bangalore | 1 (0.1) | 866 (61.3)† | 390 (27.6) | 218 (15.4)† | 191 (13.5) | 402 (28.5)† | 1432 (20.3) | |
| Migration statusc | Rural | 428 (31.0) | 378 (28.0) | 605 (48.6) | 352 (26.8) | 389 (29.5) | 388 (29.9) | 2111 (32.4) |
| Migrant | 403 (29.2) | 424 (31.4) | 353 (28.3) | 397 (30.2) | 421 (31.9) | 412 (31.8) | 2112 (32.4) | |
| Urban | 549 (39.8) | 547 (40.6)† | 288 (23.1) | 564 (43.0)† | 510 (38.6) | 497 (38.3)† | 2287 (35.1) | |
| Current smokersc | 369 (26.1) | 226 (16.0)† | 285 (20.2) | 351 (24.8)* | 219 (15.5) | 403 (28.5)† | 1562 (22.1) | |
| Current drinkersc | 173 (12.2) | 281 (19.9)† | 322 (22.8) | 195 (13.8)† | 66 (4.7) | 409 (29.0)† | 1144 (16.2) | |
| Physical activity (MET hrs/day)b | 39.0 (4.1) | 38.4 (4.3)† | 38.4 (5.0) | 39.5 (4.9)† | 38.9 (4.5) | 38.8 (4.8)NS | 38.9 (4.6) | |
| Nutrient intake (per day)b | ||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2855.8 | 3383.6 | 2040.9 | 4023.3 | 2741.3 | 3423.1 | 2898.6 | |
| (933.0) | (1001.4)† | (624.2) | (975.3)† | (953.9) | (1042.9)† | (1002.3) | ||
| Protein %d | 12.4 (1.1) | 10.8 (1.3)† | 11.1 (1.4) | 11.0 (1.3)† | 11.2 (1.3) | 11.9 (1.6)† | 11.3 (1.4) | |
| Carbohydrate %d | 61.7 (4.3) | 62.4 (5.5)* | 65.8 (6.2) | 60.9 (4.6)† | 63.7 (5.0) | 60.0 (5.4)† | 63.1 (5.4) | |
| Fat %d | 25.7 (4.2) | 26.5 (5.0)† | 22.8 (5.6) | 28.0 (4.3)† | 25.3 (5.1) | 27.8 (4.8)† | 25.5 (5.0) | |
| Saturated fat %d | 8.2 (2.2) | 8.5 (2.4)† | 7.1 (2.6) | 8.4 (2.3)† | 7.5 (2.5) | 8.3 (2.4)† | 7.7 (2.4) | |
| Monounsaturated fat %d | 9.9 (2.7) | 7.3 (2.1)† | 6.9 (2.5) | 8.8 (3.1)† | 8.1 (2.8) | 8.3 (2.9)* | 8.0 (2.8) | |
| Polyunsaturated fat %d | 5.4 (2.3) | 8.8 (3.2)† | 7.1 (3.2) | 8.6 (3.4)† | 7.6 (3.5) | 8.9 (3.5)† | 7.8 (3.4) | |
| Fiber (g) | 14.9 (5.8) | 16.3 (7.0)† | 8.7 (3.8) | 21.1 (6.4)† | 14.4 (6.0) | 16.3 (6.7)† | 14.3 (6.4) | |
| Folate (µg) | 398.0 (142.7) | 415.3 (167.2)NS | 226.5 (83.0) | 516.6 (164.0)† | 373.9 (158.3) | 406.2 (147.7)† | 362.4 (150.4) | |
| Food group intake (grams/day)b | ||||||||
| Whole grains | 270.1 (105.8) | 229.4 (272.2)† | 183.3 (204.8) | 258.8 (186.7)† | 222.4 (142.4) | 219.6 (225.0)NS | 225.1 (193.1) | |
| Whole/refined grains cookede | 53.9 (60.2) | 111.9 (73.1)† | 61.2 (61.9) | 97.4 (89.0)† | 55.6 (55.4) | 93.3 (81.1)† | 75.3 (74.1) | |
| Plain rice | 136.1 (116.1) | 716.0 (409.1)† | 549.7 (345.1) | 461.4 (347.4)NS | 332.3 (269.8) | 612.1 (392.8)† | 463.7 (353.7) | |
| Rice cookede | 45.7 (42.4) | 206.1 (144.7)† | 73.8 (77.2) | 141.6 (126.3)† | 71.8 (64.4) | 149.0 (140.1)† | 102.4 (103.3) | |
| Western cereals | 4.7 (9.2) | 7.5 (12.7)† | 1.7 (3.7) | 12.5 (17.5)† | 9.1 (15.3) | 6.1 (10.0)† | 5.9 (10.9) | |
| Pulses & legumes | 347.6 (170.5) | 278.6 (200.1)† | 154.6 (113.4) | 361.8 (209.9)† | 321.3 (183.5) | 254.1 (180.4)† | 269.8 (181.5) | |
| Green leafy vegetables | 44.0 (46.7) | 55.1 (46.0)† | 37.9 (42.0) | 56.1 (55.2)† | 48.6 (58.9) | 47.3 (38.4)NS | 44.1 (43.1) | |
| Potato | 100.0 (51.2) | 9.1 (10.3)† | 13.2 (29.7) | 41.2 (47.5)† | 37.8 (43.0) | 21.1 (32.5)† | 33.1 (45.4) | |
| Other vegetables | 281.8 (142.2) | 97.3 (65.7)† | 64.0 (50.3) | 237.5 (154.6)† | 183.5 (135.4) | 129.2 (100.5)† | 152.2 (121.0) | |
| Fruits | 351.4 (250.0) | 336.8 (255.8)NS | 128.4 (84.5) | 616.2 (340.9)† | 330.4 (245.1) | 384.9 (276.6)† | 332.2 (259.7) | |
| Fruit juice | 13.7 (35.7) | 21.0 (40.0)† | 4.7 (8.4) | 38.3 (94.1)† | 24.3 (83.3) | 21.7 (44.8)NS | 17.3 (47.9) | |
| Milk & milk products | 232.8 (220.7) | 254.7 (263.8)† | 121.2 (164.7) | 265.8 (288.3)† | 193.8 (203.3) | 214.3 (239.0)NS | 196.1 (227.0) | |
| Milk & milk products cookede | 37.7 (47.3) | 10.2 (19.6)† | 4.8 (9.7) | 40.6 (53.1)† | 30.3 (36.7) | 19.6 (39.3)† | 21.6 (33.0) | |
| Red meats | 4.6 (11.3) | 17.5 (24.6)† | 11.5 (17.3) | 13.8 (22.9)* | 0.2 (1.3) | 35.4 (37.7)† | 11.6 (22.1) | |
| Poultry | 5.9 (16.1) | 34.8 (53.6)† | 16.1 (27.4) | 24.2 (47.3)† | 0.3 (1.8) | 59.1 (68.0)† | 18.6 (38.4) | |
| Fish & seafood | 6.5 (35.5) | 11.3 (24.2)† | 6.4 (13.9) | 12.6 (40.7)† | 0.1 (0.9) | 29.9 (50.6)† | 8.9 (25.8) | |
| Eggs | 4.3 (10.6) | 9.0 (13.8)† | 5.3 (7.5) | 9.0 (14.4)† | 0.3 (1.3) | 16.7 (18.5)† | 6.6 (11.2) | |
| Other non-veg | 0.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (4.0)† | 0.4 (1.7) | 0.8 (4.5)† | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (5.9)† | 0.6 (3.0) | |
| Mutton or chicken | 1.9 (8.1) | 20.0 (51.9)† | 5.9 (20.7) | 13.7 (32.1)† | 0.2 (1.7) | 30.0 (55.6)† | 8.4 (27.9) | |
| Fats | 5.2 (5.1) | 3.0 (5.1)† | 1.1 (3.2) | 4.0 (5.5)† | 4.3 (5.5) | 2.3 (4.1)† | 2.9 (4.7) | |
| Sugars | 8.3 (10.9) | 2.0 (5.1)† | 0.5 (1.6) | 9.2 (10.7)† | 6.7 (9.0) | 3.1 (7.0)† | 4.3 (7.5) | |
| Alcohol | 7.1 (62.2) | 20.0 (98.8)† | 21.9 (103.4) | 12.2 (61.1)† | 2.1 (19.8) | 27.8 (94.3)† | 11.9 (64.9) | |
| Tea | 352.2 (258.2) | 191.4 (170.1)† | 208.5 (195.7) | 264.9 (205.1)† | 213.7 (160.2) | 260.9 (239.9)† | 242.7 (201.9) | |
| Coffee | 2.7 (12.7) | 150.4 (153.7)† | 74.1 (133.0) | 32.4 (78.2)† | 30.7 (78.9) | 60.4 (102.8)† | 44.1 (96.9) | |
| Sugar sweetened beverages | 8.3 (18.3) | 13.0 (99.8)* | 7.6 (98.7) | 13.2 (23.5)† | 10.6 (99.9) | 14.6 (27.0)* | 9.2 (48.1) | |
| Nuts | 2.8 (5.2) | 6.8 (13.2)† | 1.0 (2.8) | 7.0 (13.7)† | 5.0 (11.8) | 3.8 (7.7)* | 3.3 (7.8) | |
| Snacks | 30.0 (25.0) | 50.4 (56.2)† | 13.7 (12.3) | 78.4 (63.9)† | 35.4 (39.7) | 47.3 (44.5)† | 37.0 (40.4) | |
| Sweets & deserts | 58.3 (53.9) | 43.6 (40.9)† | 13.9 (12.4) | 89.9 (72.8)† | 40.9 (33.4) | 52.7 (55.8)† | 44.7 (46.6) | |
| Condiments | 9.5 (11.6) | 45.1 (31.0)† | 14.5 (11.8) | 39.0 (32.7)† | 24.0 (26.2) | 30.9 (23.6)† | 24.3 (23.3) | |
| Soups | 1.3 (5.9) | 57.2 (62.1)† | 21.3 (36.0) | 21.6 (42.9)* | 16.7 (45.0) | 28.3 (45.2)† | 19.2 (38.9) | |
| Anthropometric measuresb | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (4.4) | 25.1 (4.3)† | 23.9 (4.7) | 23.5 (4.3)NS | 23.5 (4.5) | 24.5 (4.6)† | 23.8 (4.5) | |
| WC (cm) | 85.2 (12.2) | 84.9 (11.0)* | 82.3 (11.7) | 81.9 (11.5)NS | 81.0 (11.9) | 84.6 (11.3)† | 82.3 (11.7) | |
SLI, Standard of Living Index
MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task
BMI, Body Mass Index
WC, Waist Circumference
a
Q1 is the lowest quintile and Q5 is the highest quintile
b
Mean (SD)
c
Number (%)
d
Percentage of total energy intake
e
With oil and/or other food items
Test for linear trend using mixed effects linear regression for continuous variables (age, physical activity, nutrient intake, food group intake, anthropometric measures), and mixed effects logistic regression for dichotomous variables (female, illiterate, high SLI, current smokers, current drinkers); chi-square test for non-dichotomous categorical variables (place of residence, migration status)
*
p value <0.05
†
p value <0.001
NS Not significant