Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Cardiol. 2015 Winter;10(2):108–112. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2015.10.2.108

Figure 2. Inflammatory Process of Calcific Aortic Stenosis.

Figure 2

A: Progression of histological changes during the process of calcific aortic stenosis. B: Tricuspid aortic valve, showing increasing deposition of calcium and reduction of the aortic annulus. BMP = bone morphogenetic protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; TGF = transforming growth factor. Source: Otto, 2008.22