Variation (in %) between samples in the ‘soil type and environment’, ‘time course’ and ‘diversification’ experiments based on Bray-Curtis, weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances, constraining for the indicated factors. P-value based on a permutation-based analysis of variance (PERMANOVA, 999 permutations). n.s.: non-significant, *: P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. CI: Confidence interval. Samples were analyzed separately according to the three different experimental setups as stated in Table 1. Additionally, the ‘soil type and environment’ samples were separated as follows: 1Gal60 grown at the natural site and the greenhouse, 2Gal60, Gal5 and Paj grown in French soil in the greenhouse and 3Paj grown in the French and Cologne soil in the greenhouse.