Table 3. Relationships between modifiable lifestyle factors and arterial waveform parameters^a.

Modifiable factor and level	Arterial waveform parameter
	Brachial systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	Aortic systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	Augmentation index	Backward pressure amplitude (mm Hg)	Peak reservoir pressure (mm Hg)	loge(excess pressure integral (mm Hg s))	Pulse wave velocity (m.s−1)
Heavy alcohol consumption
Neverb	139.3 (0.6)	131.0 (0.6)	30.4 (0.3)	21.34 (0.18)	121.6 (0.5)	1.34	9.50 (0.02)
≤1 per monthc	1.7 (0.4, 2.9)	1.6 (0.4, 2.9)	0.5 (−0.2, 1.2)	0.41 (0.0, 0.82)	1.5 (0.4, 2.7)	(0.01) 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04)	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)
Weekly, daily or almost dailyc	4.2 (1.9, 6.5)	3.9 (1.6, 6.1)	1.0 (−0.3, 2.2)	0.34 (−0.39, 1.08)	3.2 (1.1, 5.2)	0.03 (−0.01, 0.08)	0.14 (0.04, 0.23)
	P=0.0003	P=0.0005	P=0.19	P=0.13	P=0.0013	P=0.19	P=0.0046
Smoking
Non-smokerb	139.1 (0.6)	130.8 (0.6)	29.9 (0.3)	21.32 (0.20)	121.6 (0.6)	1.34 (0.01)	9.50 (0.03)
Ex-smokerc	1.2 (0.1,2.3)	1.3 (0.2,2.3)	0.6 (0.0, 1.2)	0.23 (−0.11, 0.58) 0.10	0.8 (−0.1,1.8)	0.02 (−0.00, 0.04)	0.05 (0.01,0.10)
Current smokerc	1.3 (−0.9, 3.5)	1.1 (−1.0, 3.3)	3.7 (2.5, 4.9)	(−0.61, 0.81)	0.2 (−1.8, 2.2)	0.04 (−0.01, 0.08)	−0.01 (−0.10, 0.08)
	P=0.07	P=0.05	P<0.0001	P=0.42	P=0.23	P=0.08	P=0.070
Body mass index (kg.m−2)	0.57 (0.46, 0.68)	0.51 (0.40, 0.62)	−0.2 (−0.3, −0.2)	0.03 (−0.01, 0.06)	0.5 (0.4, 0.6)	0.005 (0.002, 0.007)	0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
	P<0.0001	P<0.0001	P<0.0001	P=0.17	P<0.0001	P<0.0001	P<0.0001

^aAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, antihypertensive use, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, plus pulse rate for augmentation index; P-values listed are for main effects.

^bReference group—values are adjusted means (95% confidence intervals).

^cValues are differences (increments) in adjusted means (95% confidence intervals); *P<0.05, †P<0.01, ‡P<0.001 compared with reference group (for categorical variables) or for the slope (for BMI); 95% confidence intervals that do not encompass 0 and significant main effects (P<0.05) for waveform variables are in bold.