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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 21.
Published in final edited form as: Biostatistics. 2019 Jan 1;20(1):1–16. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxx058

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Comparison of wards covered/not covered by HSfE. The four density plots represent the distribution of the following variables across wards (from left to right): (a) SMR=O/E; (b) PM10, included as a continuous variable (μg/m3); (c) IMD01, the Carstairs index at 2001; (d) Proportion of non-white individuals. The solid lines are the distributions in the wards with ≥5 individuals sampled by HSfE, while the dashed line the distributions for the wards with <5 individuals sampled by HSfE or not covered by HSfE. A similar behavior can be seen for all the variables across wards.