Table 1. Studies reporting prevalence estimates for severe mental disorders or substance use disorders in prison populations of low-income and middle-income countries.

	Country	WHO region	Sex	Sampling	Sample size	Non-response rate (%)	Interviewer	Diagnostic instrument	Diagnostic criteria	Quality appraisal score
Adesanya et al38	Nigeria	Africa	Male	Population	395	4·8	Not stated	Not stated	DSM-III-R	6
Andreoli et al6*†	Brazil	Americas	Male	Stratified random	1192	26·8	Trained non-clinician	CIDI	ICD-10	8
Andreoli et al6*†	Brazil	Americas	Female	Stratified random	617	10·5	Trained non-clinician	CIDI	ICD-10	9
Assadi et al36†	Iran	Eastern Mediterranean	Male	Stratified random	351	12·3	Psychiatrist	SCID-CV	DSM-IV	9
Ayirolimeethal et al31‡	India	Southeast Asia	Male	Population	222	3·5	Psychiatrist	MINI-Plus	Not stated	8
Ayirolimeethal et al31‡	India	Southeast Asia	Female	Population	33	0·0	Psychiatrist	MINI-Plus	Not stated	7
Boşgelmez et al44	Turkey	Europe	Male	Stratified random	30	6·3	Psychiatrist, clinical psychologist	SCID	DSM-IV	7
Boşgelmez et al44	Turkey	Europe	Female	Stratified random	30	11·8	Psychiatrist, clinical psychologist	SCID	DSM-IV	7
Canazaro and Argimon27	Brazil	Americas	Female	Population	287	22·0	Psychology student, psychologist	SCID-CV	DSM-IV	8
El-Gilany et al30†	Egypt	Eastern Mediterranean	Mixed	Stratified random	1350	0·5	Psychiatrist	SCID	DSM-IV	8
Goyal et al32	India	Southeast Asia	Male	Random	500	Not stated	Consultant	PSE	ICD-10	7
Joshi et al35	India	Southeast Asia	Female	Population	50	Not stated	Psychiatrist	Not stated	DSM-IV TR	6
Kaya et al45*‡	Turkey	Europe	Male	Random	305	14·3	Psychiatric assistant, trainee psychiatrist	CIDI	DSM-IV	6
Kumar and Daria33	India	Southeast Asia	Male	Random	118	9·2	Psychiatrist	IPIS	ICD-10	7
Majekodunmi et al39*‡	Nigeria	Africa	Male	Random	196	1·5	Psychiatrist	SCID	DSM-IV	8
Math et al34†	India	Southeast Asia	Male	Population	5024	Not stated	Research assistant	MINI-Plus	Not stated	4
Mundt et al7*‡	Chile	Americas	Male	Random	855	1·0	Field worker	CIDI	DSM-IV	9
Mundt et al7*‡	Chile	Americas	Female	Random	153	1·0	Field worker	CIDI	DSM-IV	8
Mundt et al29	Chile	Americas	Male	Consecutive systematic	229	7·0	Clinical psychologist	MINI	DSM-IV	10
Mundt et al29	Chile	Americas	Female	Consecutive	198	7·0	Clinical psychologist	MINI	DSM-IV	9
Naidoo and Mkize40	South Africa	Africa	Male	Stratified systematic random	193	22·8	Psychiatrist	MINI	Not stated	7
Nanéma et al25‡	Burkina Faso	Africa	Male	Systematic random	419	2·8	Medical student	MINI	ICD-10	6
Ndetei et al41†‡	South Sudan	Africa	Mixed	Population	192	53·5	Clinical psychologist	MINI-Plus	ICD-10	5
Niriella et al42	Sri Lanka	Southeast Asia	Male	Random	325	0·8	Trained research assistant	Not stated	ICD-10	7
Niriella et al42	Sri Lanka	Southeast Asia	Female	Random	68	0·8	Trained research assistant	Not stated	ICD-10	6
Pondé et al26	Brazil	Americas	Male	Random; population	497	4·0	Medical student	MINI-Plus	DSM-IV	7
Salifou et al43‡	Togo	Africa	Female	Population	61	9·0	Psychiatrist, psychologist	Clinical Interview	DSM-V	7
Silva et al28‡	Brazil	Americas	Male	Consecutive	466	3·0	Not stated	MINI-Plus	DSM-IV	7
Silva et al28‡	Brazil	Americas	Female	Consecutive	91	3·0	Not stated	MINI-Plus	DSM-IV	6
Zamzam and Hatta37†	Malaysia	Western Pacific	Female	Population	80	3·6	Trainee psychiatrist	CIDI	Not stated	7

CIDI=Composite International Diagnostic Interview. DSM=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ICD=International Classification of Diseases. IPIS=Indian Psychiatric Interview Schedule. MINI=Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. PSE=Present State Examination. SCID=Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders.

^*Results are based on 1 year coverage.

^†Study reported separate rate for schizophrenia.

^‡Authors provided additional data.