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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 27.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Apr;7(4):e461–e471. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30539-4

Table 3. Prevalence ratios of substance use disorders in prison populations in low-income and middle-income countries.

Study Sex Alcohol use disorders Drug use disorders
Population prevalence Prevalence ratio Population prevalence Prevalence ratio
Estimate 95% CI Estimate 95% Cl
Africa
   Burkina Faso Nanéma et al25 Men  1·00   4·50   2·90–7·00  0·39  11·03   7·02–17·32
   Nigeria Adesanya et al38 Men    ··     ··     ··  0·37   7·57   4·23–13·53
   South Sudan Ndetei et al40 Mixed  1·11   0·90   0·22–3·68    ··     ··     ··
   Togo Salifou et al43 Women  0·96   5·10   1·69–15·42  0·30 11·00   2·83–42·80
Americas
   Brazil Andreoli et al6 Men  4·28   0·44   0·30–0·67  1·30   1·00   0·61–1·64
   Brazil Pondé et al26 Men  4·29   0·70   0·42–1·15  1·27   7·01   5·29–9·28
   Brazil Silva et al28* Men  4·28   9·88   8·89–10·99  1·30 36·31 32·98–39·97
   Brazil Andreoli et al6 Women  1·38   1·74   1·05–2·88  0·72   2·22   1·20–4·13
   Brazil Silva et al28* Women  1·38 23·91 17·84–32·05  0·72 68·75 55·87–84·61
   Chile Mundt et al7 Men  3·78   1·32   0·99–1·77  1·38   4·86   3·78–6·24
   Chile Mundt et al29* Men  3·60   9·33   7·78–11·20  1·44 47·29 43·27–51·68
   Chile Mundt et al7 Women  1·46   1·78   0·68–4·70  0·78   8·33   4·57–15·20
   Chile Mundt et al29* Women  1·40   9·71   6·84–13·80  0·80 34·13 27·18–42·84
Eastern Mediterranean
   Iran Assadi et al36 Men  0·64   0·22   0·01–3·58  2·50   4·44   3·30–5·97
Southeast Asia
   India Math et al34 Men  2·03   6·90   6·44–7·39    ··     ··     ··
   India Joshi et al35 Women  0·43 41·86 23·17–75·64  0·37 16·22   5·41–48·58
Western Pacific
   Malaysia Zamzam and Hatta37 Women  0·32   7·81   1·99–30·70  0·54 20·83 11·26–38·56
Pooled prevalence ratio
(non–admission samples)		    ·· Men I2=99%   1·40   0·45–4·36 I2=92%   4·85   2·93–8·04
Pooled prevalence ratio
(non–admission samples)		    ·· Women I2=94%   5·54   1·23–24·92 I2=86%   8·98   3·62–22·27
Pooled prevalence ratio
(non–admission samples)		    ·· Total I2=97%   2·43   1·12–5·24 I2=89%   6·11   3·98–9·39
*

Admission samples. Population prevalence refers to the sex-specific, country-specific, and year-specific rates in the general population retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database 2016.