Table 1. Prevalence of Orthologous Drug Resistance Markers at Each Site.
| Gene | Chr | Positions | Mutation | Drug | Frequency, % (no./No.)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethiopia | Thailand | Indonesia | Malaysia | |||||
| MDR1 | 10 | 479 908 | F1076L | CQ | 100 (24/24) | 50 (54/104) | 100 (111/111) | 98 (53/54) |
| (PVP01_1010900) | 10 | 480 207 | Y976F | CQ, AQ + SP | 32 (6/19) | 13 (14/104) | 100 (111/111) | 94 (51/54) |
| 10 | Copy number variant | ≥2 copies | MQ | 0 (0/24) | 19 (20/104) | 0 (0/84) | 0 (0/49) | |
| DHFR-TS | 5 | 1 077 530; 1 077 532 | F57L/I | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 0 (0/24) | 91 (88/97) | 82 (77/94) | 94 (48/51) |
| (PVP01_0526600) | 5 | 1 077 533; 1 077 534; 1 077 535 | S58R | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 94 (17/18) | 100 (104/104) | 99 (104/105) | 36 (19/53) |
| 5 | 1 077 543 | T61M | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 0 (0/24) | 91 (90/99) | 82 (77/94) | 25 (13/51) | |
| 5 | 1 077 711 | S117N/T | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 100 (24/24) | 100 (102/102) | 99 (93/94) | 100 (53/53) | |
| … | … | Single mutant | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 6 (1/18) | 0 (0/89) | 1 (1/93) | 0 (0/51) | |
| … | … | Double mutant | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 94 (17/18) | 1 (1/89) | 16 (15/93) | 73 (37/51) | |
| … | … | Triple mutant | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 0 (0/18) | 0 (0/89) | 0 (0/93) | 2 (1/51) | |
| … | … | Quadruple mutant | Antifolate, AQ + SP | 0 (0/18) | 99 (88/89) | 83 (77/93) | 25 (13/51) | |
| DHPS | 14 | 1 270 401 | A553G | Antifolate | 0 (0/24) | 98 (98/100) | 16 (16/97) | 91 (48/53) |
| (PVP01_1429500) | 14 | 1 270 911 | A383G | Antifolate | 17 (4/24) | 100 (104/104) | 97 (106/109) | 94 (50/53) |
Mutation prevalence was calculated with homozygous calls only.
Abbreviations: AQ, amodiaquine; Chr, chromosome; CQ, chloroquine; MQ, mefloquine; SP, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
a
Genotype failures were <5% at all markers in all populations.