Table 2. Factors in urban African food environments influencing dietary behaviours in the included studies (n=39).
| Level | Sub-level | Factor (no. of studies) | Dietary behaviour | Evidence | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitions (12) | Taste (4) | Dietary intake | Pradeilles 2015(62)MM; Sedibe et al. 2013 (26)QL; Voorend et al. 2013 (27)QL | Mixed adolescent adult; Female adolescent | |
| Fast food intake | Van Zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004(61)MM | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Preferences (1) | Food choice | Boatemma et al.2018(19)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult; female adolescent | ||
| Hunger/not hungry/lack of appetite (6) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Food intake | Agbozo et al. 2018˜ (28)QN;Mogre et al. 2013˜ (49)QN ;Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Mixed adult; Mixed adult; Female adult | |||
| Dietary diversity | Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (2017)* (32)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Skipping meals | Onyiriuka et al. 2013* (51)QN | Female adolescent | |||
| Mood (1) | Food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Subjective health status (4) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN ;Mogre et al. 2013˜ (49)QN | Mixed adult; Mixed adult | ||
| Food choice | Agbozo et al. 2018˜ (28)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary intake/Disordered eating | Amenyah et al.2016˜ (29)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Perceived stress (1) | Dietary intake | El Ansari et al. 2015* (34)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Self-esteem (1) | Disordered eating | Gitau et al. 2014† (38)QN | Males adolescent | ||
| Body satisfaction (1) | Disordered eating | Gitau et al. 2014† (38)QN | Males adolescent | ||
| Body image perception (1) | Food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Food knowledge (3) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2014* (45)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Food choice | Agbozo et al. 2018† (28)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | |||
| Perception of diet quality (1) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Perception of diet quantity (1) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Lifestyle/behaviours (15) | Dieting (1) | Dietary habits | Sedibe et al. 2013 (26/Voorend et al. 2013(27)QL | Female adolescent | |
| Skipping meals (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2014˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Snacking (1) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Habit/routine (1) | Food choice | Charlton et al. 2014(61)MM | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Household dietary diversity (1) | Dietary diversity | Cisse-Egbuonye et al. 2017* (32)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Processed food consumption (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2014˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Eating out occasions (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44/Landais et al. 2014˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Eating 3 daily meals (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2014˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Overall lifestyle (1) | Diet quality | Sodjinou et al. 2008(54)/Sodjinou et al. 2009* (55)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Spoken language (1) | Food quality | Soualem et al. 2012* (56)QN | Mixed Adolescent | ||
| Time limitations (5) | Dietary intake | Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/Legwegoh et al. 2016(24)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Fast food intake | Van Zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Food choice | Brown et al. 2015 (20)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Unhealthy food intake | Craveiro et al. 2016(21)QL | Mixed adult | |||
| Skipping meal | Mogre et al. 2013˜ (49)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Quality of life (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Tobacco use (2) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012* (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Diet quality | Sodjinou et al. 2008(54)/Sodjinou et al. 2009* (55)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Alcohol use (2) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Diet quality | Sodjinou et al. 2008(54)/Sodjinou et al. 2009* (55)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Physical activity (5) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Energy intake | Hattingh et al. 2006˜ (39);2011˜ (40);2014˜ (41)QN | Female adult | |||
| Dietary intake | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Dietary patterns | Zeba et al. 2014˜ (60)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Sodjinou et al. 2008(54) /Sodjinou et al. 2009˜ (55)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Biological (9) | Morbidity (1) | Dietary diversity | Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |
| Age (11) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2014† (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Soualem et al. 2012˜ (56)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Dietary diversity | Becquey et al 2010˜ (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN ;Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN ; Cisse-Egbuonye et al. 2017† (32)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Adult women; Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Meal skipping | Onyiriuka et al. 2013(51)QN * | Female adolescent | |||
| Food choice Dietary patterns |
Onyiriuka et al. 2013(51)QN
Zeba et al. 2014˜ (53)QN |
Female adolescent Mixed adult |
|||
| Energy intake | Hattingh et al. 2006(39)/2011(40)/2014˜ (41)QN | Female adult | |||
| Fattening practices | Jafri et al. 2013˜ (42)QN | Adult women | |||
| Parity (2) | Dietary patterns | Zeba et al. 2014 ˜ (54)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(42)/Landais et al. 2015† (45) QN | Adult women | |||
| Gender (5) | Dietary quality Dietary diversity Dietary intake |
Soualem et al. 2012 ˜
(56)QN
Codjoe et al. 2016* (33)QN Aounallah-Skhiri et al. 2011˜ (30)QN |
Mixed adolescent Mixed adolescent and adult Mixed adolescent and adult |
||
| Fast Food Intake | Van zyl et al. 2010* (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Body composition (2) | Dietary intake | Pradeilles 2015† (62)MM | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Pubertal development (1) | Dietary intake | Pradeilles 2015 (62)MM | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| BMI Z-score (1) | Dietary intake/Snacking | Feeley et al. 2013* (35)QN | Mixed adolescent | ||
| Fat mass (1) | Dietary intake/Snacking | Feeley et al. 2013* (35)QN | Mixed adolescent | ||
| Health (2) | Food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Demographic (n=9) | Income (individual/household) (6) | Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016˜ (33)QN; Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |
| Dietary intake | Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/ Legwegoh et al. 2016(24)QL; Steyn et al. 2011* (57)QN | Mixed adult; Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Dietary patterns | Zeba et al. 2014† (54)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Soualem et al. 2012* (56)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Socio-economic status (individual/household) (13) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al 2010* (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult | ||
| Dietary intake | Aounallah-Skhiri et al. 2011* (30)QN; Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/ Legwegoh et al. 2016(24)QL; Hattingh et al. 2006(39)/2011(40)/2014† (40)QN;Mbochi et al. 2012* (48)QN; Njelekela et al. 2011† (50)QN; Pradeilles, 2015† (62)MM; Steyn et al. 2011* (57)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adult; Female adult; Female adult; Mixed adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; | |||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015˜ (45)QN | Female adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Fokeena et al. 2012˜ (36)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Meal skipping /Food choices | Onyiriuka et al. 2013˜ (51)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Fast Food Intake | Van zyl et al. 2010* (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Employment (individual/parent/household head) (7) | Dietary diversity | Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN; Cisse-Egbuonye et al. (2017)* (32)QN Codjoe et al. 2016˜ (33)QN | Female adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015* (45)QN | Female adult | |||
| Dietary intake | Aounallah-Skhiri et al. 2011* (30)QN; Steyn et al. 2011* (57)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Soualem et al. 2012* (56)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Education (individual/parent) (9) | Dietary diversity | Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Dietary intake | Aounallah-Skhiri et al. 2011* (30)QN Glozah et al. 2015* (37)QN; Lopez et al. 2012˜ (46)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Dietary quality | Soualem et al. 2012† (56)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Dietary patterns | Zeba et al. 2014† (54)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015(45)QN; Peltzer et al. 2012* (52)QN | Female adult ; Mixed adult | |||
| Household dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016* (33)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Wealth (individual/household) (3) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016* (33)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Food choice | Agbozo et al. 2018˜ (28)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Land ownership (1) | Dietary diversity | Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Ethnicity (5) | Dietary intake | Steyn et al. 2011† (57)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Disordered eating | Gitau et al. 2014)† (38)QN | Male adolescent | |||
| Meal skipping/Food choice | Onyiriuka et al. 2013˜ (51)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | Peltzer et al. 2012* (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Household food expenditure (2) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al 2010* (31)QN Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent | ||
| Financial insecurity (1) | Unhealthy eating choice | Draper et al. 2015(22)QL | Female adult | ||
| Family (n=9) | Marital status (6) | Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015† (45)QN; Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Female adult; Mixed adult | |
| Fattening practices | Rguibi and Behalsen 2006 (25)QL; Jafri et al. 2013˜ (42)QN | Female adolescent and adult; Adult women | |||
| Dietary diversity | Becquey et al 2010* (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult | |||
| Household social roles (1) | Snacking | Batnitzky 2008(18)QL | Mixed adult | ||
| Household composition (4) | Meal skipping | Onyiriuka et al. 2013˜ (51)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Food intake | Batnitzky 2008(18)QL | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN ; Cisse-Egbuonye et al. 2017† (32)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent; Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Eating companions (2) | Meal skipping | Onyiriuka et al. 2013˜ (51)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Food choice | Brown et al. 2015 (20)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Shared bowl (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity | Landais 2012(43)/Landais et al. 2015† (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| What rest of family eat (2) | Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004(61)MM; Boatemma et al. 2018 (19)QL | Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Number of children (1) | Fruit and vegetable intake and diversity | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Parental influence (1) | Adequacy of food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Support in the household (3) | Food choice | Boatemma et al. 2018 (19)QL; Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult | ||
| Dietary intake | Glozah et al. 2015* (37)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Friends and peers (n=2) | Friendship (4) | Fruit and vegetable consumption | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | |
| Dietary intakes | Sedibe et al. 2013˜ (26)/Voorend et al. 2013˜ (27)QL | Female adolescent | |||
| Food choice | Boatemma et al. 2018 (19)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| Adequacy of food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | |||
| Fast Food Intake | Van zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Religious groups (1) | Dietary intake | Pradeilles 2015(62)MM | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Home (4) | Household food stocks (1) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al 2010* (31)QN ;Kiboi et al. 2017* (43)QN ; Codjoe et al. 2016(33) † QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent and adult; Mixed adult and adolescent | |
| Food availability (3) | Adequacy of food intake | Waswa 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016* (33)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Food choice | Agbozo et al. 2018˜ (28)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Living area (3) | Fruit and vegetable intake/diversity | Landais 2012(44)/Landais et al. 2015 ˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Food choice | Mayen et al. 2016* (47)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Housing conditions (2) | Dietary intake | Steyn et al. 2011* (57)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Meal skipping | Onyiriuka et al. 2013˜ (51)QN | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Neighbourhoods (7) | Household sanitation (1) | Dietary diversity | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult | |
| Neighbourhood SES (2) | Dietary intake | Pradeilles 2015† (62)MM | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Dietary intake/Snacking | Feeley et al. 2013˜ (35)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Affordability (2) | Food choice | Boatemma et al. 2018 (19)QL; Sedibe et al. 2013(26)/Voorend et al. 2013(27)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adolescent | ||
| Eating outside of home (2) | Fruit and vegetable consumption | Landais 2012(43)/Landais et al. 2015˜ (45)QN | Female adult | ||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016* (33)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Where food is bought (1) | Dietary intake | Steyn et al. 2011* (57)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult | ||
| Convenience (2) | Dietary intake | Sedibe et al. 2013(26)QL/Voorend et al. 2013(27)QL | Female adolescent | ||
| Fast food intake | Van Zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Availability (3) | Fast food intake | Van Zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012˜ (52)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Food choices | Boatemma et al. 2018 (19)QL | Mixed adolescent and adult | |||
| School (2) | School attendance (1) | Dietary habits Dietary intake |
Sedibe et al. 2013(26)/Voorend et al. 2013(27)
Aounallah-Skhiri et al. 2011* (30)QN |
Female adolescent Mixed adolescent and adult |
|
| Food marketing and media (3) | Advertising (1) | Dietary intake | Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/Legwegoh et al. 2016(23)QL | Mixed adults | |
| Media (3) | Fast food intake | Van Zyl et al. 2010˜ (58)QN | Mixed adult | ||
| Dietary intake/Disordered eating | Amenya h et al. 2016˜ (29)QN | Mixed adolescent | |||
| Food intake | Waswa, 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | |||
| Ideal body size (2) | Dietary intake/Disordered | Amenyah et al. 2016˜ (29)QN | Mixed adolescent | ||
| Disordered eating | Gitau et al. 2014† (38)QN | Male adolescent | |||
| Societal and cultural norms/values (2) | Religion (5) | Fruit and vegetable intake | Peltzer et al. 2012† (52)QN | Mixed adult | |
| Skipping meal | Mogre et al. 2013˜ (49)QN | Mixed adult | |||
| Dietary diversity | Becquey et al. 2010* (31)QN; Savy et al. 2008˜ (53)QN; Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN | Mixed adolescent and adult; Female adult; Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Food intake | Waswa, 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | |||
| Cultural beliefs(4) | Food intake | Waswa, 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | ||
| Fattening practises | Rguibi and Behalsen 2006(25)QL | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Dietary diversity | Codjoe et al. 2016† (33)QN | Mixed adult and adolescent | |||
| Dietary intake | Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/Legwegoh et al. 2016(23)QL | Mixed adults | |||
| Food and beverage industry (4) | Food prices (5) | Dietary intake | Legwegoh et al. 2012(23)/Legwegoh et al. 2016(23)QL;Sedibe et al. 2013(26)/Voorend et al. 2013(27)QL | Mixed adults; Female adolescent | |
| Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004(61)MM | Female adolescent and adult | |||
| Food intake | Waswa, 2011˜ (59)QN | Female adult | |||
| Unhealthy eating choice | Draper et al. 2015(22)QL | Female adult | |||
| Quality/freshness of food (1) | Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004˜ (61)QN | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Quick/easy to make foods (1) | Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004(61)MM | Female adolescent and adult | ||
| Presentation and packaging (1) | Food choice | Charlton et al. 2004(61)MM | Female adolescent and adult |
*
= significant association
†
= association assessed but not significant
˜
=association not assessed/reported
MM=mixed methods; QN=quantitative study; QL=qualitative study.