Table 1.
Dimension | Test | Description | TYP | RD | ADHD | COM | ANOVA | Post hoc t tests | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SD | F-value | p-value | corrected for multiple comparisons | ||||||
reading related measures |
RAN Numbers | automized naming of numbers | 114.2 ±10.4 | 91.4 ±26.4 | 99.7 ±8.8 | 86.3 ±29.5 | 3.5 | 0.022 | TYP > RD,ADHD,COM; ADHD > COM |
RAN Letters | automized naming of letters | 112.7 ±10.8 | 82.2 ±24.2 | 97.2 ±9.7 | 85.0 ±26.6 | 5.7 | 0.002 | TYP > RD,ADHD,COM; ADHD > RD,COM | |
CMIDDLEP Elision | comprehensive test of phonological processing | 11.9 ±2.0 | 8.4 ±3.5 | 9.9 ±3.5 | 9.6 ±1.8 | 3.4 | 0.026 | TYP > RD,ADHD,COM | |
CTOPP Memory for Digits | repetition of numbers | 11.0 ±1.2 | 8.6 ±2.2 | 10.8 ±2.42 | 8.2 ±1.2 | 4.1 | 0.011 | TYP,ADHD > RD,COM | |
TOSWRF | word reading fluency | 109.2 ±19.4 | 92.9 ±12.6 | 100.0 ±13.4 | 91.9 ±8.4 | 3.9 | 0.014 | TYP > RD,COM; ADHD > COM | |
TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency | sight word reading efficiency | 115.1 ±10.1 | 87.9 ±14.2 | 104.6 ±15.8 | 94.9 ±13.7 | 10.4 | <.001 | TYP > RD,COM; ADHD > RD | |
TOWRE Phonemic Decoding E. | non-word reading efficiency | 110.0 ±10.9 | 89.9 ±10.5 | 102.3 ±18.0 | 95.6 ±14.4 | 4.2 | 0.011 | TYP > RD,COM; ADHD > RD | |
WRMT-R | passage reading comprehension | 111.2 ±6.5 | 95.6 ±10.1 | 99.4 ±18.3 | 96.8 ±7.8 | 4.4 | 0.008 | TYP > RD,ADHD,COM | |
executive function tasks |
TM Letter Sequencing | visual search, sequencing and flexibility | 12.6 ±2.2 | 8.5 ±3.2 | 9.6 ±3.2 | 10.9 ±2.5 | 4.3 | 0.012 | TYP > RD, ADHD |
TM Number Letter Sequencing | visual-motor sequencing task and flexibility | 13.0 ±1.5 | 9.1 ±3.0 | 8.9 ±4.5 | 9.4 ±4.6 | 3.4 | 0.028 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
VM Category Switching | ability to fluently generate words of two categories | 12.5 ±3.1 | 9.2 ±3.6 | 9.8 ±1.8 | 8.4 ±3.8 | 3.6 | 0.021 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
CWI Color Naming | measure of basic naming | 12.8 ±2.2 | 8.6 ±2.8 | 9.2 ±3.9 | 10.1 ±3.4 | 4.1 | 0.01 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
CWI Word Naming | measure of basic reading | 12.9 ±1.4 | 8.6 ±3.0 | 9.3 ±2.6 | 9.7 ±1.9 | 7.4 | <.001 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
CWI Interference | verbal inhibition (traditional Stroop task) | 13.4 ±1.5 | 7.7 ±3.2 | 9.4 ±3.6 | 9.2 ±4.5 | 6.1 | 0.001 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
CWI Inhibition/Switching | measure of inhibition and cognitive flexibility | 12.2 ±1.8 | 8.4 ±2.1 | 9.5 ±2.3 | 8.7 ±3.4 | 4.6 | <.001 | TYP > RD, ADHD, COM | |
IQ | KBIT-2 Matrices | non-verbal IQ test | 113.1 ±11.1 | 104.9 ±9.8 | 106.1 ±19.7 | 101.6 ±14.8 | 1.4 | 0.264 | n.a. |
Chi-Square test | |||||||||
Gender | (females/total) | 7/15 | 8/15 | 4/15 | 2/5 | X2 2.4 |
p 0.493 |
n.a |