Association with second-grade reading using stepwise regression analysis to identify the best set of predictors, which includes the combination of pre-literacy, parental, and FA measures, as well as the FA × maternal education interaction term. (a) and (b) show final prediction models for lower and higher-SES groups. Actual values versus predicted are plotted, with predicted varying in size. (c) and (d) are the relative importance bar plots with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals for left ILF and right ILF, respectively. Tract names and behavioral measures are abbreviated as follows: PA, phonological awareness; EdMom × LILF or EdMom × RILF, interaction term between maternal education and left or right ILF FA (mean FA of significant nodes); RAN, rapid automatized naming