TABLE 4.
Heterogeneous impacts on early marriage and pregnancy, by country, education, and community gender-progressiveness at baseline among youth aged 14–21 at baseline
| Panel A: Malawi (Social Cash Transfer Program) | Panel B: Zambia (Multiple Category Targeted Grant) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Ever married or cohabited |
Ever married or cohabited |
Ever pregnant |
Currently pregnant |
Ever given birth |
Ever married or cohabited |
Ever married or cohabited |
Ever pregnant |
Currently pregnant |
Ever given birth | |
| Treatment status | 0.0288 | −0.315 | −0.422* | −0.0179 | −0.301 | 0.0790 | −0.0301 | 0.0710 | −0.0678 | 0.196 |
| (0.0863) | (0.221) | (0.234) | (0.140) | (0.241) | (0.0835) | (0.111) | (0.144) | (0.0794) | (0.137) | |
| Youth: Currently attending (1/0) | −0.0366** | −0.201*** | −0.209*** | −0.0179 | −0.179*** | −0.0147 | −0.0164 | −0.0820** | −0.0353** | −0.0648* |
| (0.0139) | (0.0501) | (0.0502) | (0.0265) | (0.0507) | (0.0148) | (0.0203) | (0.0342) | (0.0164) | (0.0346) | |
| Youth: Currently attending (1/0) * Treatment status | 0.00380 | 0.0405 | 0.0414 | 0.0396 | −0.0206 | 0.00762 | −0.0202 | −0.00957 | 0.0263 | −0.0190 |
| (0.0220) | (0.0660) | (0.0564) | (0.0341) | (0.0616) | (0.0198) | (0.0338) | (0.0440) | (0.0212) | (0.0413) | |
| Youth: Age (years) | 0.0140*** | 0.0272** | 0.0256*** | 0.00261 | 0.0301*** | 0.0108** | 0.0108** | 0.0250*** | −0.00204 | 0.0305*** |
| (0.00460) | (0.0102) | (0.00627) | (0.00532) | (0.00834) | (0.00421) | (0.00414) | (0.00612) | (0.00367) | (0.00577) | |
| Youth: Age (years) * Treatment status | −0.00262 | 0.0207 | 0.0265* | −0.00151 | 0.0213 | −0.00435 | 0.00437 | −0.00360 | 0.00165 | −0.00956 |
| (0.00586) | (0.0130) | (0.0132) | (0.00755) | (0.0128) | (0.00498) | (0.00641) | (0.00830) | (0.00426) | (0.00794) | |
| Highest (above mean) household monthly per capita consumption (1/0) | 0.0165 | 0.0533* | −0.00285 | 0.0137 | −0.000235 | −0.00212 | 0.00461 | 0.0147 | −0.00682 | 0.0233 |
| (0.0216) | (0.0283) | (0.0280) | (0.0251) | (0.0279) | (0.0122) | (0.0163) | (0.0275) | (0.0155) | (0.0239) | |
| Highest (above mean) household monthly per capita consumption (1/0)*Treatment status | −0.0255 | −0.0689 | −0.00125 | 0.0118 | 0.00468 | −0.0192 | −0.00831 | −0.000747 | 0.0156 | −0.0238 |
| (0.0251) | (0.0454) | (0.0413) | (0.0343) | (0.0374) | (0.0160) | (0.0256) | (0.0349) | (0.0208) | (0.0300) | |
| Gender-progressive community (1/0) | −0.0384*** | −0.00760 | −0.0355 | −0.00727 | −0.0339 | −0.000149 | 0.0247 | 0.0412 | −0.000634 | 0.0458 |
| (0.0117) | (0.0219) | (0.0298) | (0.0315) | (0.0315) | (0.00989) | (0.0197) | (0.0273) | (0.0143) | (0.0280) | |
| Gender-progressive community (1/0)*Treatment status | 0.0144 | −0.0327 | −0.0587 | −0.00161 | −0.0361 | −0.00513 | −0.0452 | −0.00962 | 0.0165 | −0.0187 |
| (0.0177) | (0.0398) | (0.0437) | (0.0402) | (0.0564) | (0.0148) | (0.0323) | (0.0443) | (0.0255) | (0.0364) | |
| Observations | 1,023 | 878 | 917 | 917 | 917 | 1,296 | 1,070 | 1,210 | 1,210 | 1,210 |
| R-squared | 0.404 | 0.458 | 0.466 | 0.102 | 0.450 | 0.169 | 0.417 | 0.398 | 0.135 | 0.424 |
NOTES: Estimations of equation (2) use ANCOVA modeling among panel individuals (follow-up after 30 months in Malawi and after 36 month in Zambia). Robust standard errors in parentheses corrected for clustering.
p<0.01,
p<0.05,
p<0.1.
All controls (and interactions) are measured at baseline and include stratifying indicators used for the randomization (traditional authorities dummies in Malawi and district dummies in Zambia). Estimations are adjusted and also include as controls the age and education of the youth, characteristics of the main survey respondent or transfer recipient (age, sex, whether they have ever attended school and marital status indicators), household size. Inconsistent observations, namely those individuals reporting ever being married/pregnant at baseline but never being married/pregnant at endline were excluded from the analysis. Sampling weights have been applied in Malawi.