Table 3.

Association between leisure activities and cognitive impairment according to age groups.

	HR (95% CI) for cognitive impairmenta
	Octogenarians	Nonagenarians	Centenarians
No. of participants	6188	3261	1292
No. of events	1270	1047	587
No. of person years	26843	11117	3800
Watching TV or listening to radio
Never	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.63 (0.55–0.73)***	0.70 (0.60–0.81)***	0.64 (0.52–0.80)***
Almost every day	0.56 (0.49–0.65)***	0.56 (0.48–0.67)***	0.50 (0.39–0.63)***
Playing cards or mah-jong
Never	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.63 (0.51–0.78)***	0.73 (0.57–0.93)*	0.92 (0.61–1.39)
Almost every day	0.76 (0.58–0.99)*	0.65 (0.44–0.96)*	0.63 (0.32–1.24)
Reading books or newspapers
Never	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.84 (0.65–1.08)	1.02 (0.76–1.36)	0.51 (0.28–0.91)*
Almost every day	0.69 (0.53–0.90)**	0.56 (0.40–0.78)***	0.81 (0.50–1.34)
Religious activities
Never	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.98 (0.83–1.17)	1.11 (0.90–1.37)	0.96 (0.69–1.33)
Almost every day	1.13 (0.84–1.51)	1.12 (0.81–1.55)	1.16(0.75–1.79)
Gardening
Nerve	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.90 (0.75–1.08)	1.02 (0.82–1.25)	1.15 (0.84–1.57)
Almost every day	1.01 (0.86–1.18)	1.03 (0.84–1.28)	1.16(0.83–1.61)
Keeping domestic animals or pets
Never	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Sometimes	0.90 (0.70–1.15)	1.06 (0.80–1.39)	1.41 (0.92–2.18)
Almost every day	0.76 (0.66–0.91)*	0.61 (0.42–0.89)*	0.58 (0.55–0.93)*

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval;

^aAdjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, living pattern and residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, frequent vegetable consumption, frequent fruit consumption, regular exercise, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, housework, ADL, participation in other leisure activities, and baseline MMSE scores.

^*P ≤ 0.05,

^**P≤0.01,

^***P≤0.001