Table 1.

Definitions of the Categories of Staff-resident Interactions (Source: Dean et al., 1993)

Positive social	Interactions involving good constructive conversations and companionship. For example, providing reassurance/comfort during care that is more than necessary to carry out a task--greetings directed to individuals, offering more food or asking if finished.
Positive care	Limited interactions during delivery of physical care that are only necessary to carry out the task and for safety and removal from danger during care. For example, brief verbal explanation of a morning care routine.
Neutral	Brief interactions without verbal and non-verbal contact. For example, putting plates down after lunch or dinner without any verbal or non-verbal exchange/gesture, undirected greetings.
Negative protective	Interactions that lack appropriate regard for the individual— providing care in a restrictive manner to ensure safety and removal from danger without any explanation/reassurance. For example, resident being fed too quickly, resident being told to wait for medication/treatment without stating the reason.
Negative restrictive	Interactions that involve opposing or resisting resident’s freedom of action and ignorance without a good reason. For example, resident being told they can’t have something (e.g. tea) without good reasoning/explanation, moving resident without warning or explanation.