Table 1.
The Studies Addressing the Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow Cells into Cardiac Cells
|
Differentiation into cardiac cells |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of bone marrow cells | Injection method | Identification of donor cells | Methods to identify cardiac cells | Cardiomyocytes | Endothelial cells | Smooth muscle cells | Functional improvement | References |
| Side population cells (mouse) | BMTa | Rosa26_β-galactosidase | IHCb stain | 0.02% | 3.30% | - | Yes | (29) |
| Lin-c-kit+ cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection | EGFPc and Y chromosome | 53±9% | 44±6% | 49±7% | Yes | (69) | |
| Mobilization of bone marrow cells | None | - | - | - | - | Yes | (70) | |
| Lin-c-kit+ or LSKd cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection | Cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter_EGFPc | Expression of cardiomyocyte-specific promoter, IHCb staining | 0 | - | - | - | (62) |
| Cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter_β-galactosidase | ||||||||
| β-actin-EGFPc | ||||||||
| LSKd cells, Thy1.1low LSKd cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection, parabiotic mice | β-Actin-EGFPc (C57BL=Ka-Thy-1.1) | IHCb staining | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yes | (9) |
| Whole bone marrow cells, LSKd CD45+ cells | Intramyocardial injection, BMT* | β-Actin-EGFPc | IHCb stainingI | Intramyocardial injection: 0 | - | - | - | (64) |
| α-Actin-EGFPc | Cytokine-induced bone marrow cell mobilization: Yes but rare (0.75% of all EGFP+ cells and 0.0065% of all cardiomyocytes) | |||||||
| Rat bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of 5-azacytidine | Intramyocardial injection | BrdU labeling during culture (autologous) | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | - | Yes | (101) |
| Human MSCse | Intraventricular injection | Adenovirus carrying β-galactosidase transfection | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | - | - | - | (100) |
| Autologous swine MSCse | Intramyocardial injection | DiI labeling | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | - | - | Yes | (91) |
| Autologous rat MSCse | Intramyocardial injection | DAPI labeling | IHCb staining | No | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes | (16) |
| Human BMSCsf | Intramyocardial injection | DiI labeling | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes | (117) |
| Murine MAPCsg | Intramyocardial injection | ROSA26_β-galactosidase | IHCb staining | No | No | No | Yes | (74) |
a
BMT, bone marrow transplantation
b
IHC, immunohistochemical
c
EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
d
LSK, Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+
e
MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
f
BMSCs, bone marrow-derived multipotent stem cells
g
MAPCs, multipotent adult progenitor cells