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Diagram of metabolic pathways investigated with DNP hyperpolarized [l-13C]-pyruvate. Pyruvate/lactate conversion is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pyruvate/alanine conversion is catalyzed by alanine transaminase (ALT). Pyruvate is irreversibly converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and CO2 is in a pH-dependent equilibrium with bicarbonate.
