Extended Data Table 1. Summary of TEDDY microbiome cohort.
Data on subjects’ ethnic background was not systematically collected in European clinical centers but these study populations were predominantly white, non-hispanic. Reported antihypertensive drugs were Atenolol (N = 2), Bisoprolol (N = 1), Labetalol (N = 6), methyldopa (N = 1), Methyldopa + Methyldopate (N = 3), Metoprolol (N = 4), Nifedipine (N = 5). No use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors was reported. Numbers indicate the number of subjects (N) if not specified otherwise.
| US, Colorado | US, Georgia | US, Washington | Finland | Germany | Sweden | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1D cases (samples) | 14 (274) | 3 (89) | 8 (111) | 34 (553) | 13 (246) | 29 (532) |
| IA cases (samples) | 39 (689) | 17 (252) | 25 (368) | 70 (900) | 21 (292) | 95 (1,542) |
| Healthy controls (samples) | 61 (906) | 22 (250) | 36 (399) | 119 (1,273) | 40 (512) | 137 (1,725) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male / Female | 61 / 53 | 19 / 23 | 51 / 18 | 117 / 106 | 30 / 44 | 152 / 109 |
| Ethnic background | ||||||
| White, non-hispanic | 86 (75.4%) | 41 (97.6%) | 56 (81.2%) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mode of birth | ||||||
| Caesarean section | 41 (36.0%) | 22 (52.4%) | 25 (36.2%) | 42 (18.8%) | 23 (31.1%) | 46 (17.6%) |
| Probiotic supplementation | ||||||
| Probiotics during first 4 weeks | 0 | 2 (4.8%) | 0 | 67 (30.0%) | 7 (9.5%) | 14 (5.4%) |
| Probiotics during follow-up | 22 (19.3%) | 13 (31.0%) | 9 (13.0%) | 162 (72.6%) | 33 (44.6%) | 58 (22.2%) |
| Breastfeeding | ||||||
| Median duration (days) | 268 | 301 | 335 | 289 | 278 | 228 |
| duration, 25 percentile | 56 | 145 | 171 | 152 | 140 | 98 |
| duration, 75 percentile | 396 | 365 | 440 | 385 | 367 | 304 |
| Number of subjects never breastfed | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Maternal T1D | 7 (6.1%) | 0 | 3 (4.3%) | 14 (6.3%) | 18 (24.3%) | 7 (2.7%) |
| Maternal T2D | 2 (1.8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gestational diabetes | 5 (4.4%) | 5 (11.9%) | 5 (7.2%) | 32 (14.3%) | 3 (4.1%) | 6 (2.3%) |
| Antibiotics during pregnancy | 21 (18.4%) | 10 (23.8%) | 5 (7.2%) | 40 (17.9%) | 13 (17.6%) | 29 (11.1%) |
| Metformin during pregnancy | 1 (0.9%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | 0 |
| Glyburide during pregnancy | 2 (1.8%) | 2 (4.8%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Antihypertensives during pregnancy | 4 (3.5%) | 3 (7.1%) | 4 (5.8%) | 5 (2.2%) | 3 (4.1%) | 0 |
| Insulin during pregnancy | 9 (7.9%) | 0 | 3 (4.3%) | 23 (10.3%) | 19 (25.7%) | 8 (3.1%) |