Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants of the Lifestyle and Fertility (ISIS) Study by female Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P)8 tertile scores (females n = 132; males n = 131)
| AHEI-P score tertiles (females) | T1 (42.5–65.0) | T2 (65.2–78.1) | T3 (78.6–102.0) | P-valuea | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female age, years, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 3.4 | 29.6 ± 3.2 | 30.6 ± 3.0 | 0.10 | 29.8 ± 3.2 |
| Male age, years, mean ± SD | 30.7 ± 4.7 | 31.1 ± 4.3 | 31.8 ± 4.3 | 0.54 | 31.2 ± 4.4 |
| Female race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.40 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 34 (25.8) | 30 (22.7) | 36 (27.3) | 100 (75.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 4 (3.0) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.5) | 7 (5.3) | |
| Hispanic | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.8) | |
| Asian | 5 (3.8) | 8 (6.1) | 3 (2.3) | 16 (12.1) | |
| Other/unknown | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (3.0) | |
| Male race/ethnicity, n (%)b | 0.39 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 37 (28.5) | 30 (23.1) | 38 (29.2) | 105 (80.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.9) | |
| Hispanic | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Asian | 3 (2.3) | 8 (6.2) | 3 (2.3) | 14 (10.8) | |
| Other/unknown | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.9) | |
| Female education, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Less than college degree | 11 (8.3) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 15 (11.4) | |
| College degree | 20 (15.2) | 18 (13.6) | 14 (10.6) | 52 (39.4) | |
| Graduate degree | 13 (9.9) | 23 (17.4) | 29 (22.0) | 65 (49.2) | |
| Male education, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Less than college degree | 17 (13.0) | 5 (3.8) | 3 (2.3) | 25 (19.1) | |
| College degree | 13 (9.9) | 20 (15.3) | 18 (13.7) | 51 (38.9) | |
| Graduate degree | 13 (9.2) | 19 (14.5) | 23 (17.6) | 55 (42.0) | |
| Annual household income, n (%)c | 0.82 | ||||
| < $60,000 | 14 (10.9) | 12 (9.3) | 9 (7.0) | 35 (27.1) | |
| $60,000 to $99,999 | 13 (10.1) | 13 (10.1) | 15 (11.6) | 41 (31.8) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 16 (12.4) | 19 (14.7) | 18 (14.0) | 53 (41.1) | |
| Female smoking status, n (%) | 0.67 | ||||
| Never | 33 (25.0) | 36 (27.3) | 35 (26.5) | 104 (78.8) | |
| Past use | 10 (7.6) | 8 (6.1) | 9 (6.8) | 27 (20.5) | |
| Current use | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Male smoking status, n (%) | 0.01 | ||||
| Never | 24 (18.5) | 27 (20.8) | 20 (15.4) | 71 (54.6) | |
| Past use | 11 (8.5) | 16 (12.3) | 23 (17.7) | 50 (38.5) | |
| Current use | 7 (5.4) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (6.9) | |
| Female alcohol intake, g/d, mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 9.6 | 7.3 ± 11.2 | 5.6 ± 9.3 | 0.46 | 5.9 ± 10.1 |
| Male alcohol intake, g/d, mean ± SD | 13. 1 ± 20.3 | 9.8 ± 15.4 | 4.8 ± 8.9 | 0.05 | 9.2 ± 15.8 |
| Female caffeine intake, mg/d, mean ± SD | 61.5 ± 66.4 | 83.9 ± 71.9 | 98.6 ± 91.1 | 0.08 | 81.3 ± 78.1 |
| Female aerobic activity | 0.15 | ||||
| < 30 min. per week | 11 (8.3) | 6 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 20 (15.2) | |
| 30–59 min. per week | 12 (9.1) | 10 (7.6) | 9 (6.8) | 31 (23.5) | |
| 1–2 hours per week | 8 (6.1) | 8 (6.1) | 13 (9.9) | 31 (23.5) | |
| ≥ 3 hours per week | 11 (8.3) | 20 (15.2) | 19 (14.4) | 50 (37.9) | |
| Regular menstrual cyclesd | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 9 (7.0) | |
| Yes | 39 (30.2) | 40 (31.0) | 41 (31.8) | 120 (93.0) | |
| Age at menarche, years, mean ± SD | 12.8 ± 1.4 | 13.0 ± 1.4 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 0.71 | 12.8 ± 1.4 |
| Female pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 26.8 ± 6.5 | 23.0 ± 4.3 | 23.1 ± 4.1 | <0.001 | 24.3 ± 5.4 |
| Male BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 29.5 ± 5.0 | 26.1 ± 4.1 | 27.5 ± 7.3 | 0.02 | 27.7 ± 5.8 |
| Female total energy, kcal/d, mean ± SD | 1643.2 ± 490.3 | 1694.8 ± 431.3 | 1841.0 ± 497.5 | 0.13 | 1726.3 ± 477.8 |
| Male total energy, kcal/d, mean ± SDe | 2016.5 ± 659.8 | 2202.6 ± 607.4 | 2281.4 ± 578.6 | 0.13 | 2168.3 ± 620.9 |
| Female AHEI-P score, mean ± SD (range) | 55.5 ± 6.2 (42.5–65.0) | 71.0 ± 4.1 (65.2–78.1) | 86.4 ± 5.6 (78.6–102.0) | <0.0001 | 72.0 ± 13.8 |
| Male AHEI-P score, mean ± SD (range)e | 51.5 ± 6.5 (35.3–60.8) | 67.6 ± 4.1 (61.2–75.6) | 86.6 ± 7.8 (76.8–111.1) | <0.0001 | 68.7 ± 15.6 |
a
P-value for comparison across AHEI-P tertiles using analysis of variance (continuous variables) and chi-square and Fisher’s Exact test (categorical variables).
b
One participant was missing ethnicity.
c
Three couples who reported unknown incomes were excluded from analysis.
d
Three females were missing information on regularity of menstrual cycles at baseline.
e
Two male participants did not have complete dietary data and therefore, n = 129 for total energy and AHEI-P component scores and total score.