Table 3:

Continuous respiratory rate, effort and blood pressure data analysis and outcome studies.

Investigators (Respiratory Rate)	Study N Site(s)	Inclusion criteria	Results/Conclusions
Hofstetter et al (98)	33 Single center	23 0/7 –27 6/7 weeks	Apnea/hypopnea, bradycardia and hypoxemia episodes decreased with age, but continued at term equivalent, and even after hospital discharge. Infection increased apnea/hypopnea and hypoxemia events.
Fairchild et al (43)	1211 Single center	<35 weeks	Number and duration of apnea events decreased with increasing gestational age. ABD events has higher frequency in <31 weeks infants but not increased in infants with severe ROP, BPD and severe IVH after adjusting for GA. ABD events increased before the diagnosis of LOS and NEC.
Tabacaru et al (101)	302 Single center	<32 weeks	Intermittent caffeine boluses and discontinuation at 33 weeks PMA were associated with small changes in ABD events.
Patel et al (44)	1211 Single center	<35 weeks	Periodic breathing (PB) increases with gestational age and the highest amount was between 30–33 weeks and 2 weeks chronological age. Extreme PB is associated with infection, NEC, caffeine discontinuation and immunizations.
Warburton et al (4)	94 Single center	<36 weeks	Tachypnea (RR>70) is associated with poor growth and respiratory support escalation. >30% tachypnea/day is associated with increased respiratory support in subsequent 3 days.
Mohr et al (97)	70 Single center	All infants in the NICU	For 32 weeks gestation infants, PB peaked 7–14 days after birth (6.5%). Infant with death (SIDS) had 40% PB each day and her twin had 15% PB each day.
Investigators (Blood Pressure)	Study N Site(s)	Inclusion criteria	Results/Conclusions
Goldstein et al (119)	191 Single center	<1500 grams	Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis are related to adverse cognitive, motor and neurologic outcome at 6 months of age, while only metabolic component is related to adverse outcomes at 24 months age.
Miall- Allen et al (121)	33 Single center	<31 weeks	Hypotension (<30mm Hg) for over an hour was associated with IVH, ischemic cerebral lesions and death (within 48 hours).
Miall- Allen et al (141)	22 Single center	<31 weeks	No association was found between blood pressure fluctuation and IVH in first 36 hours of life.
Low et al (124)	98 Single center	<34 weeks	Combination of hypotension and hypoxemia in first 96 hours of life significantly increased the risk of brain damage and poor outcomes.
Cunningham et al (102)	232 Single center	<1500 grams	IVH was associated with low or variable BP. PVL and ROP were not associated with BP. BP variability was associated with death.
Bada et al (122)	100 Single center	<1500 grams	Infants with periventricular IVH had a greater minute to minute BP variability compared to infants with no periventricular IVH.
Perlman et al (142)	50 Single center	<1500 grams	Fluctuating cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with RDS increases the risk of IVH.
Soul et al (143)	90 Two centers	<1500 grams	Cerebral pressure passivity is associated with gestational age and low birth weight, systemic hypotension and maternal hemodynamic factors.
Dacosta et al (144)	44 Single center	23 0/7–26 6/7 weeks	Defining the MAP with strongest cerebrovascular activity is feasible and deviations in that increased the risk of IVH and death.
Semenova et al (145)	25 Single center	<32 weeks	Normal well-being is associated with non-linear association between EEG and BP. Presence of weak association with distinctive directionality of information flow is associated with increased mortality.
Hoffman et al (138)	61 Single center	23 0/7–28 6/7 weeks	More time with impaired cerebral auto regulation and less time with cerebral reactivity was associated with grade 3–4 IVH.

ABD, apnea bradycardia desaturation; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; LOS, late onset sepsis; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; GA, gestational age; PMA, post menstrual age; MAP, mean arterial pressure; EEG, electroencephalogram; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome