Table 2.
Participant substance use: overall, by group, and by study site (N = 418)*
| Total (N = 418) | Non-pregnant (n = 255) | Pregnant (n = 163) | Uganda (n = 225) | South Africa (n = 193) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| AUDIT-C (median [IQR]) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) |
| Any self-reported alcohol use (prior 3 months) (yes; AUDIT-C >0) | 119 (28.5) | 80 (31.4) | 39 (23.9) | 61 (27.1) | 58 (30.1) |
| PEth (ng/ml; median [IQR]) | <LLQ (<LLQ-33) | <LLQ (<LLQ-38) | <LLQ (<LLQ-27) | <LLQ (<LLQ-15) | <LLQ (<LLQ-45) |
| Any objectively measured alcohol use (yes; PEth ≥8 ng/ml) | 158 (37.8) | 99 (38.8) | 59 (36.2) | 77 (34.2) | 81 (42.0) |
| Any alcohol use (yes; AUDIT-C >0 and/or PEth ≥8 ng/ml) | 178 (42.6) | 113 (44.3) | 65 (39.9) | 91 (40.4) | 87 (45.1) |
| Under-report of any alcohol use (yes; AUDIT-C=0 and PEth ≥8 ng/ml) | 59 (14.1) | 33 (12.9) | 26 (16.0) | 30 (13.3) | 29 (15.0) |
| Heavy / hazardous alcohol use (yes; AUDIT-C ≥3 and/or PEth ≥50 ng/ml) | 113 (27.0) | 75 (29.4) | 38 (23.3) | 45 (20.0) | 68 (35.2) |
| Current cigarette use | 15 (3.6) | 12 (4.7) | 3 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 13 (6.7) |
| Current recreational drug use | 4 (1.0) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.6) |
*
Values in bold indicate p-values <0.05 (comparing non-pregnant versus pregnant women, or Uganda versus South Africa).
×
Recreational drug use includes marijuana or “other” recreational drugs.
Definitions: AUDIT-C = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption; PEth = phosphatidylethanol; LLQ = Lower limit of quantification