Table 1.
Smallpox vaccines and vaccine candidates
| Vaccine | Virus strain | Usage | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dryvax® | NYCBOH | Widespread use | Used in US during eradication. Highly effective. Lyophilized stock. |
| APSV® | NYCBOH | Widespread use | Used in US during eradication. Highly effective. Frozen liquid preparation. |
| Lancy–Vaxina | Lister | Widespread use | Used world-wide during eradication. Highly effective. |
| EM-63 | NYCBOH | Widespread use | Used in Russia during eradication. Highly effective. |
| Temple of Heaven | Tian Tian | Widespread use | Used in China during eradication. Highly effective. Greater number of adverse events compared to NYCBOH and Lister vaccines. |
| ACAM1000 | NYCBOH | Clinical trials | Tissue culture (MRC-5 cells). Equivalent immunogenicity to Dryvax®. |
| ACAM2000 | NYCBOH | Clinical trials | Tissue culture (Vero cells). Equivalent immunogenicity to Dryvax®. FDA approved in 2008. Part of US National Stockpile. |
| CCSV | NYCBOH | Clinical trials | Tissue culture vaccine. Equivalent immunogenicity to Dryvax®. |
| Elstree-BN | Lister | Clinical trials | Tissue culture vaccine. Replacement for early Lister vaccines. |
| MVA | Ankara | Limited use | Lost 15% of genome through serial passage in chick embryo fibroblasts. Cannot replicate in human cells. Used in Germany with fewer adverse events. Immunogenicity may not be equal to replication-competent vaccines. |
| ACAM3000 | Ankara | Clinical trials | Next-generation MVA-based vaccine. |
| IMVAMUNE | Ankara | Clinical trials | Next-generation MVA-based vaccine. |
| TBC-MVA | Ankara | Clinical trials | Next-generation MVA-based vaccine. |
| NYVAC | Copenhagen | Clinical trials | 18 ORFs deleted. Improved safety profile. Not widely tested. Immunogenicity may not be equal to unattenuated live vaccines. |
| LC16m8 | Lister | Limited use | Attenuated vaccine based on Lister strain. Used in Japan with good safety record. No efficacy data. Immunogenicity may not be equal to unattenuated live vaccines. |
| dVV-L | Lister | Clinical trials | Lister-based vaccine with UDG gene deleted to improve safety. No efficacy data. Immunogenicity may not be equal to unattenuated live vaccines. |
| Subunit | Various | R&D | DNA or protein-based subunit vaccines |