Table 1.
Distribution of participant characteristics [n (%)] in SEED by case-control status and neighborhood deprivation level
| Low deprivation |
Moderate deprivation |
High deprivation |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | ASD Case | Control | ASD Case | Control | ASD Case | Control |
| Total | 252 (37) | 427 (50) | 235 (35) | 269 (31) | 187 (28) | 159 (19) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 203 (81) | 228 (53) | 194 (83) | 150 (56) | 154 (82) | 75 (47) |
| Female | 49 (19) | 199 (47) | 41 (17) | 119 (44) | 33 (18) | 84 (53) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 190 (75) | 364 (85) | 142 (60) | 182 (68) | 46 (25) | 65 (41) |
| Othera | 62 (25) | 63 (15) | 93 (40) | 87 (32) | 141 (75) | 94 (59) |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| <Bachelor’s | 76 (30) | 84 (20) | 112 (48) | 105 (39) | 143 (76) | 100 (63) |
| ≥ Bachelor’s | 176 (70) | 343 (80) | 123 (52) | 164 (61) | 44 (24) | 59 (37) |
| Maternal income | ||||||
| <$50,000 | 38 (15) | 46 (11) | 94 (41) | 74 (28) | 123 (72) | 94 (61) |
| ≥ $50,000 | 210 (85) | 369 (89) | 133 (59) | 191 (72) | 49 (28) | 60 (39) |
| Maternal age at delivery | ||||||
| <35 years | 165 (65) | 262 (61) | 177 (75) | 194 (72) | 144 (77) | 133 (84) |
| ≥ 35 | 87 (35) | 165 (39) | 58 (25) | 75 (28) | 43 (23) | 26 (16) |
| Maternal smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 24 (10) | 27 (6) | 47 (20) | 25 (9) | 41 (22) | 27 (17) |
| No | 228 (90) | 400 (94) | 188 (80) | 244 (91) | 146 (78) | 132 (83) |
| Preterm | ||||||
| Yes | 37 (15) | 39 (9) | 37 (16) | 21 (8) | 37 (20) | 22 (14) |
| No | 215 (85) | 388 (91) | 198 (84) | 248 (92) | 150 (80) | 137 (86) |
| SEED study site | ||||||
| California | 27 (11) | 58 (14) | 44 (19) | 51 (19) | 25 (13) | 25 (16) |
| Colorado | 65 (26) | 99 (23) | 46 (20) | 52 (19) | 28 (15) | 34 (21) |
| Georgia | 53 (21) | 73 (17) | 34 (14) | 46 (17) | 43 (23) | 41 (26) |
| Maryland | 39 (15) | 70 (16) | 46 (20) | 41 (15) | 22 (12) | 15 (9) |
| North Carolina | 38 (15) | 65 (15) | 43 (18) | 55 (20) | 19 (10) | 26 (16) |
| Pennsylvania | 30 (12) | 62 (15) | 22 (9) | 24 (9) | 50 (27) | 18 (11) |
| PM2.5 pregnancy mean (SD) | 12.4 (2.9) | 12.4 (2.7) | 12.5 (2.5) | 12.6 (2.4) | 13.5 (2.5) | 13.3 (2.6) |
| Distance to major road (meters) mean (SD) | 404 (420) | 458 (595) | 386 (556) | 423 (564) | 264 (284) | 247 (338) |
a
Includes African American, Asian, Hispanic, and multiracial.