TABLE 1.
Summary of the population used to estimate health transitions in Korea, Singapore, and the United States
| Variable, mean (SD) | Koreab | United Statesc | Singapored |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 1.0 (0.00) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) |
| Age | 65.0 (10.7) | 67.3 (9.90) | 69.8 (6.01) |
| Current smoker | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.15 (0.35) |
| Ever smoked | 0.65 (0.48) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.37 (0.48) |
| Smoke packs to age 50, mean (min–max) | 12.8 (0–110) | 16.3 (0–352) | 10.2 (0–107) |
| Body mass index | 23.1 (2.6) | 28.0 (5.8) | 23.4 (3.2) |
| Heart Disease | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.10 (0.39) |
| Hypertension | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.53 (0.50) |
| Stroke | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.05 (0.23) |
| Cancer | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.05 (0.21) |
| Diabetes | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.20 (0.40) |
| Lung diseasea | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.12 (0.33) |
| Death | 0.05 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.19 (0.39) |
Note. “Smoke packs to age 50” is the cumulative number of packs of cigarettes a person self-reports as having smoked up to age 50, expressed as the equivalent number of packs per day for a single year.
In Korea, lung disease for males was modelled from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. If forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacit y< 0.7, then we considered the individual to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the United States, we used the Health and Retirement Study to model lung disease based on the question: “Has a doctor ever told you that you have chronic lung disease such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema?” In Singapore, we used the Multi-Ethnic Cohort based on the question: “Have you ever had asthma or other lung disease?”
The Korea transition population was based on 2-year panel data for males (n = 11,039) using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, from year 2008 to 2012.
The U.S. transition population was based on 2-year panel data for males and females (n=123,234) using the Health and Retirement Study, from year 2000 to 2012.
The Singapore transition population was based on 6-year panel data for males and females (n = 64,995) using the Singapore Chinese Health Study, from year 1999 to 2010.