. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Nov 28;21(3):445–461. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9476-y

Table 2.

State-specific regression results for endoscopy use in 11 states in early (2000–2002) and late (2003–2005) periods; results significant at 5% or better

Variable	California, 2000–2002	California, 2003–2005	Connecticut, 2000–2002	Connecticut, 2003–2005	Georgia, 2000–2002	Georgia, 2003–2005	Iowa, 2000–2002	Iowa, 2003–2005	Kentucky, 2000–2002	Kentucky, 2003–2005	Louisiana, 2000–2002	Louisiana, 2003–2005
Personal
Female	−0.016	−0.013	−0.030	−0.019				−0.024	0.022		0.019
Disability or ESRD as original reason entitlement
Moved to different ZIP code in same state		−0.023		−0.052	−0.041	−0.033
Proportion of months dually eligible	−0.071	−0.066	−0.089	−0.064	−0.072	−0.089	−0.094	−0.122	−0.057	−0.065	−0.033	−0.044
Distance to closest endoscopy provider	−0.001	−0.001							−0.002
Had HMO coverage in past 2 years	0.021	−0.009										0.027
Number of months with MA HMO coverage	−0.011	−0.011	−0.010	−0.011	−0.013	−0.008		−0.008	−0.008	−0.005	−0.008	−0.007
Number of months missing Part B coverage	−0.017	−0.021	−0.016	−0.017		−0.019	−0.011			−0.015	−0.016
Age 73–80 in 2000	−0.016	−0.053	−0.038	−0.071	−0.053	−0.083	−0.021	−0.056	−0.029	−0.051	−0.013	−0.047
Age 80-plus in 2000	−0.081	−0.172	−0.160	−0.252	−0.135	−0.226	−0.123	−0.217	−0.104	−0.206	−0.069	−0.160
Asian
African American	−0.031				−0.071				−0.035		−0.053	−0.031
Hispanic	−0.042	−0.026
Native American		−0.054
Other race or ethnicity	−0.030	−0.027	−0.085	−0.075
Had CRC diagnosis	0.446	0.306	0.445	0.324	0.467	0.317	0.516	0.361	0.598	0.382	0.563	0.369
Had BC diagnosis	0.054	0.047	0.054	0.042	0.056	0.056	0.030	0.034	0.031	0.055	0.018	0.046
Had diagnosis of IBD	0.350	0.368	0.381	0.327	0.390	0.365	0.328	0.365	0.373	0.407	0.392	0.365
Interpersonal and community
Segregation index for African Americans^a							−0.174		−0.074	−0.062		0.071
Segregation index for Hispanics^a	−0.047						−0.184
Segregation index for Asians^a			0.633
Segregation index for Native Americans^a		−0.135	2.022								−0.241
Proportion of workforce who commute >60 min	−0.126		0.219				−0.883	−0.629		−0.250	−0.257
Proportion of elderly with little/no English language	−0.056	−0.084					−0.075		−0.075	−0.055
Proportion elderly in poverty	0.002	0.002	−0.007					0.005	−0.003	−0.002	−0.003	−0.004
Endoscopic providers per thousand elderly			0.069					0.006
Oncologists per thousand elderly	−0.117	−0.291						−0.099			−0.141	−0.118
Gastroenterol-ogists per thousand elderly	0.206	0.212									0.053	0.076
Nurses per thousand elderly	−0.001								0.003	0.002
Proportion of the PCS A's beneficiaries in Medicare managed care organizations	−0.045	−0.080	−0.280	−0.199			0.254					−0.124
	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late
Model prediction success rate	77.0	74.3	74.8	72.0	72.7	72.4	76.3	73.6	78.3	74.8	79.6	74.8

Variable	Michigan, 2000–2002	Michigan, 2003–2005	New Jersey, 2000–2002	New Jersey, 2003–2005	New Mexico, 2000–2002	New Mexico, 2003–2005	Utah, 2000–2002	Utah, 2003–2005	Washington, 2000–2002	Washington, 2003–2005
Personal
Female	−0.016	−0.027	−0.030	−0.025			−0.025	−0.040		−0.020
Disability or ESRD as original reason entitlement
Moved to different ZIP code in same state		−0.034		−0.029						−0.037
Proportion of months dually eligible	−0.085	−0.085	−0.030	−0.039	−0.081	−0.077	−0.051	−0.119	−0.097	−0.114
Distance to closest endoscopy provider				−0.003	−0.001					−0.003
Had HMO coverage in past 2 years						−0.101	0.032
Number of months with MA HMO coverage	−0.011	−0.010	−0.008	−0.012	−0.007	−0.010	−0.007	−0.010	−0.013	−0.008
Number of months missing Part B coverage	−0.013	−0.018	−0.018	−0.018	−0.023	−0.014			−0.015	−0.010
Age 73–80 in 2000	−0.017	−0.073	−0.019	−0.059	−0.023	−0.063	−0.045	−0.083	−0.024	−0.064
Age 80-plus in 2000	−0.121	−0.204	−0.078	−0.181	−0.091	−0.213	−0.132	−0.241	−0.111	−0.227
Asian	−0.100		−0.096	−0.098
African American	0.022	0.025	−0.033				0.056
Hispanic				0.060	−0.057		−0.149
Native American					−0.161	−0.106				0.087
Other race or ethnicity			−0.052			0.082
Had CRC diagnosis	0.468	0.313	0.581	0.367	0.460	0.330	0.500	0.333	0.439	0.310
Had BC diagnosis	0.040	0.051	0.061	0.055	0.056	0.048	0.065	0.076	0.048	0.046
Had diagnosis of irritable bowel disease	0.394	0.404	0.408	0.395	0.335	0.373	0.402	0.473	0.406	0.379
Interpersonal and community
Segregation index for African Americans^a	−0.038	−0.029
Segregation index for Hispanics^a	−0.067			−0.070
Segregation index for Asians^a			0.104
Segregation index for Native Americans^a						−0.070
Proportion of workforce who commute >60 min									0.163
Proportion of elderly with little/no English language
Proportion elderly in poverty						−0.004	−0.006		−0.006
Endoscopic providers per thousand elderly
Oncologists per thousand elderly	0.295			0.104			0.240		0.177	−0.207
Gastroenterologists per thousand elderly						0.119
Nurses per thousand elderly					−0.004			−0.002
Proportion of the PCSA's beneficiaries		−0.614 (p = 0.056)	−0.229	−0.174	−0.105 (p = 0.062)	−0.101 (p = 0.069)	−0.334 (p = 0.100)		−0.164	−0.108 (p = 0.074)
in Medicare managed care organizations
	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Late
Model prediction success rate	74.1	71.0	78.4	74.3	78.5	77.0	75.3	72.3	74.5	72.9

ESRD end-stage renal disease, HMO health maintenance organization, CRC colorectal cancer, BC breast cancer, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, PCSA primary care service area

Following the approach use by Massey and Denton [38], the segregation index is defined separately for each race or ethnicity relative to whites, reflecting the propensity for minorities to come into contact with whites in residential neighborhoods