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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2020 Jul 1;2020(56):97–113. doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa009

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Framework for the systematic bias assessment. *If aim is to assess whether there is evidence of an effect then priority is to identify biases away from null. CI = confidence interval; ERR = excess relative risk.