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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Intern Med. 2020 Dec 3;289(4):574–583. doi: 10.1111/joim.13190

Figure 3. Association of tobacco smoking history with severe COVID-19.

Figure 3.

(a) Distribution of nonsmokers and smokers in non-severe, ICU recovery and death.

(b) Statistical significance of smoking risk where two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests were used for this study.

(c) Forest plot showing 2.5-fold risk by fixed effect model (random effect model: OR=2.81, 95% CI 1.78-4.45, Z=4.41, P<0.0001).

(d) Funnel plot showing no publication bias.