Table 1.
Participants characteristics by smoking status; NHANES 2003–2004.
| Characteristics | Overall |
Non-current smoker |
Current smokers |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2383 | 1471 | 912 | ||
| Age (years) | 61.05 ± 13.22 | 63.13 ± 13.19 | 57.70 ± 12.56 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, % | 1222 (51.28%) | 725 (49.29%) | 497 (54.50%) | 0.013 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1376 (57.74%) | 867 (58.94%) | 509 (55.81%) | 0.133 |
| Black | 405 (17.00%) | 215 (14.62%) | 190 (20.83%) | <0.001 |
| Mexican American | 453 (19.01%) | 299 (20.33%) | 154 (16.89%) | 0.037 |
| Other Hispanic | 62 (2.60%) | 33 (2.24%) | 29 (3.18%) | 0.163 |
| Other Race/Ethnicity | 87 (3.65%) | 57 (3.87%) | 30 (3.29%) | 0.459 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.50 ± 5.53 | 28.80 ± 5.48 | 28.01 ± 5.57 | <0.001 |
| History of CHD, % | 170 (7.18%) | 117 (8.00%) | 53 (5.85%) | 0.049 |
| Any Diabetes (FBG≥126 mg/dL or self-report) | 393 (16.65%) | 253 (17.40%) | 140 (15.45%) | 0.217 |
| Any Hypertension? (BP≥139/90 or self-report) | 1144 (48.11%) | 727 (49.52%) | 417 (45.82%) | 0.079 |
| Education, % | 0.003 | |||
| Less than high school | 716 (30.11%) | 437 (29.79%) | 279 (30.63%) | |
| High school only | 607 (25.53%) | 344 (23.45%) | 263 (28.87%) | |
| More than high school | 1055 (44.37%) | 686 (46.76%) | 369 (40.50%) | |
| Physical Activity (MET-based rank) | 0.047 | |||
| 0 | 527 (23.41%) | 303 (21.70%) | 224 (26.20%) | |
| 1 | 632 (28.08%) | 387 (27.72%) | 245 (28.65%) | |
| 2 | 418 (18.57%) | 271 (19.41%) | 147 (17.19%) | |
| 3 | 674 (29.94%) | 435 (31.16%) | 239 (27.95%) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 207.14 ± 41.96 | 207.07 ± 42.10 | 207.25 ± 41.75 | 0.920 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.01 ± 15.46 | 123.29 ± 15.11 | 122.60 ± 15.95 | 0.373 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.78 ± 1.02 | 5.79 ± 0.97 | 5.77 ± 1.11 | 0.661 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.46 ± 0.87 | 0.42 ± 0.65 | 0.53 ± 1.13 | 0.002 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.95 ± 0.36 | 0.94 ± 0.40 | 0.399 |
| Ankle brachial index (Left) | 1.10 ± 0.14 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 1.10 ± 0.15 | 0.210 |
| Ankle brachial index (Right) | 1.09 ± 0.14 | 1.10 ± 0.14 | 1.09 ± 0.15 | 0.017 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 23.37 ± 9.28 | 23.84 ± 8.92 | 22.60 ± 9.80 | 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120.66 ± 35.55 | 121.13 ± 35.54 | 119.86 ± 35.59 | 0.564 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 144.30 ± 116.23 | 138.45 ± 86.91 | 153.69 ± 151.51 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin C (mg/dL) | 0.99 ± 0.55 | 1.07 ± 0.55 | 0.86 ± 0.54 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C quartiles | <0.001 | |||
| ≤0.69 | 300 (20.39%) | 328 (35.96%) | ||
| 0.70–1.02 | 363 (24.67%) | 216 (23.68%) | ||
| 1.03–1.29 | 383 (26.03%) | 201 (22.03%) | ||
| ≥1.30 | 425 (28.89%) | 167 (18.31%) | ||
| PAD prevalence (%) | 207 (9.15%) | 123 (8.81%) | 84 (9.69%) | 0.481 |
Abbreviations: NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CHD:coronary heart diseases.