Table 4:

Associations between snack parenting practices^a and child sweet and savory intake frequencies, adjusting for overall COVID-19 stress and other covariates

	Emotion-based snack feeding			Restriction of snacks			Snack planning and routines			Snack rules and limits
	β	95%CI	p-value	β	95%CI	p-value	β	95%CI	p-value	β	95%CI	p-value
Sweet snacks
Chocolate or any other types of candy (examples: M&Ms, candy bars, jelly bellies, dummies, and lifesavers).	0.10	−0.11, 1.64	0.086	0.16	−0.11, 2.30	0.075	0.05	−0.61, 1.29	0.486	−0.07	−1.48, 0.38	0.244
Cookies, cake, pie, or brownies.	0.06	−0.30, 0.78	0.384	0.11	−0.27, 1.07	0.244	0.04	−0.35, 0.65	0.558	−0.15	−1.11, −0.04	0.036
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, Danish, muffins, pan dulce, or pop-tarts.	0.05	−0.16, 0.70	0.218	0.05	−0.51, 1.00	0.523	0.11	−0.14, 1.30	0.116	−0.10	−1.08, 0.01	0.056
Ice cream or other frozen desserts.	0.13	0.15, 0.92	0.006	−0.03	−0.55, 0.29	0.547	0.05	−0.28, 0.72	0.391	0.01	−0.38, 0.45	0.874
Savory snacks
Regular potato chips, tortilla chips, corn chips and puffs (such as all flavors of Ruffles, Lays, Pringles, Doritos, Fritos, Cheetos)	0.11	0.13, 1.23	0.015	0.05	−0.45, 1.02	0.449	0.07	−0.38, 1.22	0.303	−0.09	−1.23, 0.08	0.087
Low-fat or non-fat potato chips, tortilla chips, and corn chips (such as Baked Lays, Reduced-fat Doritos, Fat-free Pringles)	0.08	0.02, 0.89	0.039	0.17	0.20, 1.50	0.011	0.15	0.29, 1.40	0.003	−0.10	−1.03, −0.04	0.036
Other salty snacks (like cheese nibs, Chex mix, goldfish crackers, Ritz	0.10	0.06, 1.16	0.031	0.040	−0.48, 0.93	0.535	0.09	−0.25, 1.35	0.174	−0.09	−1.16, 0.11	0.104

Adjusted for child age, pre-COVID-19 stress level, SES and overall COVID-19 stress

Model fit: χ² (df) = 7.40 (6), p = 0.286, RMSEA (90%CI) = .03 (.00-.08), CFI = 1.00 and TLI = .98

Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire (P-SNAQ), 1= ‘really not like me’ to 4= ‘Really like me’ (Davison et al., 2018)