Table 1.
Descriptive Data for the Typically Developing (TD), Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), and History of Speech and Language Problems (HSL) groups. Means are shown below, with standard deviations in parentheses. The last column shows whether there were significant group differences when using t-tests or Chi-squares (p < .05), no correction for multiple comparisons is applied. Unless otherwise specified, tests without a superscript denote standard scores with a mean of 100 and SD of 15.
| TD | DLD | HSL | Group differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 67 | 50 | 26 | |
| Age (years) | 12.1 (1.7) | 12.0 (1.7) | 11.9 (1.7) | None |
| Gender | 38M:29F | 35M:15F | 21M:5F | None |
| Handedness | 58R:9L | 44R:6L | 23R:3L | None |
| Language Scores | ||||
| TROG-E | 105.4 (8.3) | 83.0 (13.9) | 98.2 (8.1) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| CELF Recalling Sentences1 | 11.9 (2.2) | 5.2 (2.6) | 9.0 (3.0) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| ROWPVT | 127.8 (16.1) | 100.5 (15.7) | 122.4 (15.8) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| EOWPVT | 118.4 (14.9) | 91.9 (13.1) | 108.1 (13.8) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| ERRNI Comprehension | 106.3 (13.4) | 92.4 (15.1) | 101.8 (10.6) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| ERRNI Initial Recall | 99.7 (13.1) | 84.3 (12.7) | 96.8 (11.0) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| ERRNI Delayed Recall | 104.6 (12.0) | 84.3 (12.8) | 99.8 (10.2) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| Non-verbal IQ | ||||
| Matrix Reasoning1 | 11.1 (2.7) | 7.6 (3.2) | 10.0 (2.7) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| Block Design1 | 13.3 (2.0) | 9.9 (3.2) | 12.8 (2.2) | TD+HSL>DLD |
| Reading Tests | ||||
| Sight Word Reading Efficiency | 106.4 (11.5) | 82.9 (13.4) | 89.3 (14.3) | TD> HSL+DLD |
| Phonological Decoding | 111.8 (14.0) | 81.5 (15.3) | 87.3 (13.4) | TD> HSL+DLD |
| Memory Tests | ||||
| Nonword repetition2 | 26.3 (2.4) | 18.1 (5.3) | 22.8 (3.8) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| CMS Initial Recall1 | 10.3 (2.9) | 6.2 (2.8) | 8.2 (2.9) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| CMS Delayed Recall1 | 10.2 (3.1) | 7.3 (3.3) | 9.6 (3.1) | TD+ HSL>DLD |
| CMS Delayed Recognition1 | 8.4 (3.3) | 6.8 (3.7) | 7.3 (3.0) | TD> DLD |
| Digit Span Forward1 | 11.5 (2.7) | 6.1 (3.1) | 7.5 (3.2) | TD> HSL+DLD |
| Digit Span Backward1 | 11.8 (2.5) | 7.5 (3.3) | 8.6 (3.0) | TD> HSL+DLD |
| Motor Scores | ||||
| Oromotor sequencing2 | 60.9 (7.3) | 42.2 (10.6) | 53.3 (10.2) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| Pegs moved with dominant hand (z-score) | −0.4 (0.9) | −1.6 (1.2) | −0.9 (0.8) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| Pegs moved with non-dominant hand (z-score) | 0.0 (1.0) | −1.2 (1.3) | −0.7 (0.9) | TD> HSL>DLD |
| Mean difference of pegs moved (dominant - non-dominant hand)2 | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.4) | None |
1 -
Scaled scores with a mean of 10 and SD of 3.
2 -
Raw scores are shown (note that the maximum possible oromotor sequencing score = 70, maximum possible nonword repetition score = 30).