Table 2.

Autoantibodies detected in patients with COVID-19

Autoantibodies	Clinical significance	Refs
ANA	Poor prognosis and a significant higher respiratory rate.	[14]
APL	Poor prognosis and a significant higher respiratory rate. Possible association with a hyperinflammatory state and thrombosis and thromboembolism.	[14,51]
Lupus anticoagulant	A higher rate of thrombosis	[50]
Cold agglutinins	Hemolytic anemia. Complicating laboratory assessment and renal replacement therapy.	[54,57]
Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies	Possible association with severe pneumonia.	[55]
anti-Caspr2 antibody	Unclear.	[53]
anti- GD1b antibody	Unclear.	[53]
Anti-MOG antibody	Unclear.	[52]
Red cell –bound antibodies	Associated with the severity of anemia.	[56]