Table 2.
Comparison between the main metabolomics studies in cellular models and EAE
| Study | Approach/platform | Model | Matrix | Key metabolites/pathways detected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘t Hart et al. 2003 [82] | NMR | EAE; marmoset monkey | Urine | Aspartic acid, inositol, taurine |
| Blanchet et al. 2011 [104] | MS-Orbitrap-NMR Proteomics | EAE; Lewis rat | CSF | T kininogen 1, lactate or inositol, complement C3, ceruloplasmin |
| Noga et al. 2012 [101] | LC–MS/GC–MS | EAE; Lewis rat | CSF | Arginine, alanine, branched amino acids, glutamine, putrescine, O-phosphoethanolamine |
| Mangalam et al. 2013 [93] | UPLC–MS–MS/GC–MS | RR-EAE; SJL mice | Plasma | Bile acid biosynthesis, taurine metabolism, tryptophan and histidine metabolism, linoleic acid, d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism |
| Gebregiworgis et al. 2013 [135] | NMR | Chronic EAE; B6 mice | Urine | Fructose, hippurate, urea, oxoglutaric acid, taurine, citrate |
| Dickens et al. 2015 [102] | NMR | Chronic-relapsing EAE; Biozzi ABH mice | Urine Plasma |
Fatty acids, glucose, taurine |
| Zhao et al. 2015 [119] | CE-MS | Astrocytoma cell lines | Astrocytes | Tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, glycylglycine |
| Poisson et al. 2015 [40] | LC–MS/GC–MS | Chronic EAE; B6 mice | Plasma | Alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid |
| Zhao et al. 2017 [136] | 2D LC–MS/MS | EAE; Lewis rat | Urine | Enzymes, peptidases |
| Battini et al. 2018 [103] | HRMAS-NMR | Acute EAE; Lewis rats | CNS tissue | Glucose, lactate, ascorbate, amino acids, N-acetyl-aspartate |
| Beyer et al. 2018 [130] | HILIC, RPLC, LC-ESI-QTOF-MS | In vitro OPC culture | Cell lysate | Taurine |
| Singh et al. 2019 [94] | LC–MS/GC–MS | Chronic EAE; B6 mice | Urine Plasma |
Phenylalanine metabolism and valine, leucine, isoleucine metabolic pathway |
| Lee et al. 2019 [20] | UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS | EAE; B6 mice | Plasma | Glycerophospholipids, fatty acyls glycerolipids, taurine-conjugated bile acids, sphingolipids |
2D 2 dimensional; CE capillary electrophoresis; CSF cerebrospinal fluid; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalitis; GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography; HRMAS high-resolution magnetic angle spinning; LC–MS liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LC-ESI-QTOF-MS liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadruple time-of-flight-mass spectrometry; MS mass spectrometry; NMR nuclear magnetic resonance; OPC oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; RPLC reversed-phase liquid chromatography; RR relapsing–remitting; UHPLC ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography