Table 4.
Demography, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
| Study | Patients n |
Median Age | Male n (%) |
Race/Ethnicity* n (%) |
Positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR n (%) |
Positive SARS-CoV-2 Ab n (%) |
Underlying Medical Conditions n (%) |
Primary (3) Symptoms n (%) |
Cardiac Symptoms n (%) |
Diagnosis of Shock n (%) |
ICU care/Mechanical Ventilation n (%) |
Mortality n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riollano – Cruz et al.53 (New York) |
15 | 12 | 11 (73) | 10 (66) Hispanic / Latino | 9 (60) | 15 (100) | 4 (27%) | Fever: 15 (100) GI: 13 (87) Resp: 3(20) |
13 (87) | 13 (87) | 14(93) / 3 (20) | 1 (7) |
| Riphagen et al.61 (U.K.) |
8 | 8 | 5 (63) | 6 (75) Afro - Caribbean | 2 (25) | - | 2 (25) | Fever: 8 (100) GI: 8 (100) Conjunctivitis: 5 (63) |
7 (88) | 8 (100) | 8 (100) / 7 (88) | 1 (13%) |
| Whittaker et al.58 (England) |
58 | 9 | 38 (66) | 22 (38) black / 18 (31) Asian | 15 (26) | 40/46 (87) | 7 (12) | Fever: 58 (100) GI: 31 (58) Rash: 30 (52) |
8 (14) | 29 (50) | 23 (40) / 25(43) | 1 (2) |
| Feldstein et al.50 (U.S.) |
186 | 8.3 | 115 (62) | 29 (40) Hispanic / Latino | 131 (70) (+ Ab) | - | 51 (27) | Fever: 186 (100) GI: 171 (92) Rash: 110 (59) |
149 (80) | 90 (48) | 148 (80) / 37 (20) | 4 (2) |
| Verdoni et al.54 (Italy) |
10 | 7.5 | 7 (70) | 8 (80) white | 2 (20) | 8 (80) | - | Diarrhea: 6 (60) Pna: 5 (50) | 6 (60) | 5 (50) | - | 0 (0) |
| Toubiana et al.56 (France) |
21 | 7.9 | 9 (43) | 12 (57) African ancestry | 8 (38) | 19 (90) | 0 (0) | GI: 21 (100) Conjunctivitis: 17(81) Rash: 16 (76) |
16 (76) | 17 (81) | 17(81) / 11 (52) | 0 (0) |
| Grimaud et al.51 (France) |
20 | 10 | 10 (50) | - | 10 (50) | 15 (75) | - | Fever: 20 (100) GI: 20 (100) Rash: (100) |
20 (100) | 20 (100) | 20 (100) / 8 (40) | 0 (0) |
| Sadiq et al.85 (Pakistan) |
8 | 9.5 | 7 (88) | - | 3 (38) | 8 (100) | 0 (0) | Fever: 8 (100) Conjunctivitis: 7 (88) GI: 6 (75) |
5 (63) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) / 1 (13) | 1 (13) |
| Godfred-Cato et al.63 (U.S.) |
570 | 8 | 316 (55) | 187 (41) Hispanic / 153(33) black, non-Hispanic | 302 (53) | 418 (73) | 194 (34) | GI: 518 (91) Resp: 359 (63) Conjunctivitis: 276 (48) |
493 (87) | 202 (35) | 364 (64) / 69(13) | 10 (2) |
| Pereira et al.67 (Brazil) |
6 | 8 | 5 (83) | - | 4 (67) | - | 5 (83) | Fever: 6 (100) Resp: 5(83) GI: 4 (67) |
6 (100) | 5 (83) | 5 (83) / 5 (83) | 4 (67) |
| Jain et al.86 (India) |
23 | 7.2 | 11 (48) | - | 9 (39) | 7 (30) | - | Fever: 23 (100) GI: 15 (70) Rash: 14 (65) |
15 (65) | 15 (65) | - / 9 (40) | 1 (4) |
| Torres et al.64 (Chile) |
27 | 6 | 14 (52) | (85)∘ | 14 (52) | 10 (37) | 7 (26) | Fever: 27 (100) GI: 17 (63) Rash: 14 (52) |
12 (46) | 12 (44) | 16 (59) / 12 (44) | 0 (0) |
| Swann et al.42 (U.K.) |
52 | 10.7 | 31 (60) | 330 (51) white | 28/50 (56) | 22/50 (44) | 15 (29) | Fever Rash Conjunctivitis |
21/37 (57) | 25 (48) | 38 (73) / 14 (27) | 0 (0) |
| Mamishi et al.55 (Iran) |
45 | 7 | 24 (53) | - | 10 (22) | 35 (78) | 6 (13) | Fever: (91) GI: (58) Rash: (53) |
25 (56) | 5 (11) | - | 5 (11) |
| Yonker et al.81 (MA, USA) |
18 | 7.7 | 14 (78) | 9 (50) white | 18(100) | - | 2 (11) | Fever: 18 (100) Rash: 5 (28) Vomiting: 5 (28) |
- | - | - | - |
| Antunez-Montes et al.66 (Latin America) |
95 | 7 | 52 (55) | - | 23 (24) | 72/88 (82) | 11 (12) | URI: 47 (50) GI: 43 (45) LRI: 23 (24) |
11 (12) | 14 (15) | 20 (21) / 9 (10) | 2 (2) |
largest racial or ethnic group(s) reported in each study. Language used is that of the authors. Swann et al. reported that children of black ethnicity were over represented in their study population compared to the general population (10% vs. 4.7%). No other authors offered context for racial/ethnic data. It is also assumed that neither race nor ethnicity are mutually exclusive.
85% of participant’s parents reported being of Chilean descent
RT-PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Ab: antibodies
GI: gastrointestinal complaints ex. diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Resp: respiratory complaints ex. cough, shortness of breath
Pna: pneumonia
Cardiac symptoms ex. abnormal EKG, elevated serum troponin and/or BNP, coronary artery abnormalities, arrythmias, ventricular dysfunction, myocarditis
KD: Kawasaki Disease
Features of Kawasaki Disease: includes symptoms such as erythema and cracking of lips, strawberry tongue, rash, conjunctivitis, swollen hands and feet, myocarditis, lymphadenopathy (McCrindle et al., 2020)
Features of shock: hypotension, tachycardia
URI: upper respiratory tract infection ex. rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis
LRI: lower respiratory tract infection ex. pneumonia, bronchitis