A. Bar graph of the numbers of spines in V1 (occipital cortex), and the temporal and prefrontal association cortices from marmoset, macaque, and human, showing an evolutionary expansion across the cortical hierarchy and across primate evolution. From (G.N. Elston et al., 2001) with permission. B. The numbers of spines in V1 vs. dlPFC across primate species, with no differences in V1, and a great expansion across species in dlPFC. From (G.N. Elston, 2006) with permission.