Table 2:

Adjusted Relative Risk Between Receipt of Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Health-Related Social Needs, Healthcare Access, and Mental Health Outcomes

	Relative Risk (95% CI)	P	Q
Food Insufficiency	0.83 (0.77 to 0.88)	<.0001	0.0002
Missed Housing Payment	0.63 (0.58 to 0.69)	<.0001	0.0002
Lacking Confidence in Affording Food Next Month	0.94 (0.92 to 0.97)	0.0003	0.0005
Lacking Confidence in Affording Housing Next Month	0.84 (0.80 to 0.88)	<.0001	0.0002
Uninsured	0.97 (0.92 to 1.03)	0.36	0.36
Delay Healthcare	0.93 (0.89 to 0.98)	0.003	0.003
Delay Non-COVID Healthcare	0.91 (0.87 to 0.96)	0.0006	0.0009
PHQ2 Depression Score ≥ 3	0.90 (0.85 to 0.95)	<.0001	0.0002
GAD2 Anxiety Score ≥ 3	0.93 (0.89 to 0.97)	0.001	0.001

Relative risk compares risk for outcome in those who received unemployment insurance benefits to those who did not receive unemployment insurance benefit. A relative risk < 1 indicates lower risk for a given outcome (e.g., less likely to experience food insufficiency)

Point estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values are from log-Poisson regression models fit using generalized estimating equations (to account for repeated survey responses within individuals), person weights, and robust variance estimation. Models were fit in 10 Markov Chain Monte Carlo multiple imputation datasets and combined for a summary estimate.

The q-value comes from the False Discovery Rate approach to control type I error. The q-value can be interpreted as indicating the proportion of results with that q-value or lower that would be expected to be a false positive accounting for all the analyses conducted. Thus a q-value < 0.05 indicates that, accounting for multiple analyses, a given result is expected to be a false positive less than 5% of the time.

Models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, household size, marital status, state, and week of survey. The models for Food Insufficiency and Lacking Confidence in Affording Food Next Month were additionally adjusted for pre-pandemic food insufficiency.

Because of repeated observations, models included 79032 observations, except for models examining missing a housing payment and lacking confidence in affording housing next month. Because those questions were not asked of individuals who owned their home free and clear (and thus were not ‘at risk’ of experiencing the outcome), they were excluded from these analyses, resulting in 54794 observations.

COVID = Coronavirus Disease

PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire

GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder

For the PHQ2 and GAD2, scores range from 0 to 6 (more depressive or anxiety symptoms), and, in keeping with scoring recommendations, we used a cutpoint of ≥3 on both the PHQ2 and GAD2 to indicate potentially clinically significant symptoms