Table III.

Graded model item parameter estimates from IRT analysis across countries

Domains and Items	Dominican Republic and Tanzania+			DIF
	a (discrimination)	b1 (location)	b2 (location)
Shame (internalized)
Rejected	2.39	0.39	2.25
Excluded	2.61	0.43	2.28
Different	2.53	0.24	2.10
Ashamed
Dominican Republic	1.21	0.03	1.53	a & b
Tanzania	1.93	−0.30	1.66
Humiliated
Dominican Republic	3.81	0.40	1.81	b
Tanzania		−0.39	1.75
Frustrated
Dominican Republic	2.33	0.47	1.97	b
Tanzania		0.10	2.75
Dignity (resisted)
Valued	2.54	−1.27	−0.04
Comfortable	2.95	−1.04	0.11
Accepted	2.75	−1.30	0.03
At Peace	2.33	−1.43	−0.19
Happy	3.32	−1.13	0.19
Proud
Dominican Republic	3.85	−0.53	−0.04	b
Tanzania		−0.71	0.34
Treatment (enacted)
Distanced themselves from you	2.61	0.76	2.47
Excluded you from groups	2.00	1.45	2.91
Laughed at you	4.95	0.54	1.88
Called you names	2.81	0.06	1.88
Ignored you	3.92	0.25	2.21
Humiliated you	3.97	0.55	1.92
Mistreated you	2.76	0.64	2.62
Criticized you
Dominican Republic	2.52	−0.05	1.76	b
Tanzania		0.64	2.22
Treated you differently from other women
Dominican Republic	2.25	0.31	2.39	b
Tanzania		1.16	3.04
Silence (anticipated)
You have tried to make sure that no one knows that you do sex work	2.99	−1.00	−0.17
You have done everything you can to keep sex work a secret	6.24	−0.96	−0.38
You have ensured that no one in your community finds out about your sex work	2.68	−1.00	−0.31
You have avoided talking about sex work	2.62	−1.02	0.00
You have hidden from your family that you do sex work
Dominican Republic	2.59	−0.78	0.14	a & b
Tanzania	1.29	−3.63	−2.06
You have denied that you have worked as a sex worker
Dominican Republic	2.84	−0.44	0.46	a & b
Tanzania	0.54	0.00	2.62

⁺ Discrimination (a) and location (b₁ and b₂) parameters are the same for each country unless otherwise noted in the table.