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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 29.
Published in final edited form as: Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Mar 2;17(9):1474–1486. doi: 10.1002/alz.12310

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Glycolytic genes analyzed and their roles in brain glucose metabolism—insulin signaling (A) and glycolysis (B). Insulin controls the uptake of glucose via the insulin signaling pathway, which involves activation of the insulin receptor (INSR), phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, IRS2), and the subsequent translocation of insulin-sensitive GLUT4 transporters to the plasma membrane (A). Glucose is transported into blood-brain barrier epithelia, neurons, and glia through GLUT transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4) into the cytoplasm, where it is metabolized to pyruvate in glycolysis, transported into the mitochondrial matrix, and converted to acetyl coenzyme A for tricarboxylic acid cycle oxidation (B)