. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 23.

Published in final edited form as: RSC Chem Biol. 2021 May 19;4:1050–1072. doi: 10.1039/d1cb00039j

Table 1 -.

Summarized selection of prostate cancer biomarkers

Proposed Biomarker	Source	Findings
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B ⁴⁶	Prostatic tissue	Overexpressed with increased cancer proliferation
α(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) ^48–50	LAPC4 and LNCaP cells	Increased FUT8 expression corresponded with decreased extracellular vesicle production
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) ^{51, 52}	PC3 and PC3MLN4 cells	Differential expression in metastasis-derived cell lines
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III α (PI4KIIIα) ⁵³	PC3 cells	Upregulated in PC3 cell lines; promotes cancer cell invasion
FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 3 (FXYD3) ⁵⁴	PrAd, NEPC cell lines	Biomarker specific to prostate adenocarcinoma
CEA cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) ⁵⁴	PrAd, NEPC cell lines	Biomarker specific to neuroendocrine cancer
Four and a half LIM domains 1 (FHL1), Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1) ⁵⁸	PC-3M sublines	Promote higher metastatic potential
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1) ⁵⁹	Stromal tissue	Loss of expression in altered stromal cell types
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADSV), transglutaminase 4 (TGM4) ⁶⁶	Urine	Differentiates benign and cancerous tissue
CD63 Molecule (CD63), glycerol kinase 5 (GLPK5), SPHM sulfohydrolase (SPHM), Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and pappalysin 1 (PAPP) ⁶⁶	Urine	Distinguishes high- and low- grade cancer
Kallikrein related peptidase 4 (KLK4) ⁶⁸	Seminal Fluid	Biomarker available in seminal fluid
Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5)	Urine	Utility in detecting, diagnosing high gleason score prostate cancer
CD59 molecule (CD59), haptoglobin and tetranectin ⁷¹	Serum	Expression correlated to bone metastasis