. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 23.

Published in final edited form as: RSC Chem Biol. 2021 May 19;4:1050–1072. doi: 10.1039/d1cb00039j

Table 4 -.

Summarized selection of ovarian cancer biomarkers

Proposed Biomarker	Source	Findings
Calcium-activated chloride channel 1 (CLCA1) ¹²⁷	OV-90 cells	Affects cancer cell regulation
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IMP2) and minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) ¹³¹	HGSC and endometrial tissue	Modulators of rapid high-grade serous cancer growth
Fibronectin and vitronectin ¹³³	Peritoneal mesothelial cells	Increased expression promotes cancer cell invasion
Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) ¹³⁴	Tissue	Determined to promote tumorigenesis
Histone acetylation ^{130, 135}	Tumor tissue	Marker for homologous recombination deficiency
Phospholinoleate–palmitoleate anhydride (P-MAPA), interleukin 12 (IL-12) ¹³⁷	SKOV-3	Combination immunotherapy is a plausible treatment strategy
Cancer/testis antigen family 45 (CT45) ¹³⁸	Tissue	Found to be a prognostic factor
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), plasminogen (PLG), serpin family C member 1 (serpinC1) and complement component 1q (C1q) ¹⁴¹	Circulating exosomes	Diagnostic markers of ovarian cancer
Vitamin K-dependent protein Z (VKDP)	Preclinical serum	Novel, early detection biomarker
Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPCS), peripheral myelin protein 2 (PMP2) and tubulin beta class I (TUBB) ¹⁴⁶	Blood, plasma	Potential markers of cancer plasticity
Apolipoprotein IV (ApoA-IV) ¹⁴⁸	Serum	More reliable biomarker compared to benchmark proteins