TABLE 1.
Overview of Recent Applications in AuNP-based Virus Detectiona
| Virus/Target | AuNPs | Detection or Capture molecule | Assay | Detection range | Detection limit | Real sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| SARS-CoV-2/N gene RNA | Spherical ⁓10 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | colorimetric | 0.2–3 ng/μL | 0.18 ng/μL | oropharyngeal swab | (Moitra et al., 2020) |
| SARS-CoV-2/RdRp gene RNA | Film n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | LSPR | 0.1 pM – 1 μM | 0.22 pM | synthetic DNA oligo | (Qiu et al., 2020) |
| SARS-CoV-2/IgG, IgM | Spherical ⁓40 nm | recombinant spike protein | LFIA colorimetric | n.a. | n.a. | fingerstick blood, serum, plasma | (Li et al., 2020) |
| H1N1/HA | Spherical ⁓26 nm | Ab | fluorescence | 10−14–10−9 g/mL | 17.02 fg/mL | recombinant H1N1 | (Nasrin et al., 2020) |
| H1N1/HA | Spherical ⁓23 nm | Ab | LFIA immunochromato reader | 6.25×10−3–6.4 HAU/mL | 6.25×10−3 HAU/mL | commercial HA | (Matsumura et al., 2018) |
| H1N1 H3N2/HA | Hexagonal ⁓30 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 5×10−15–5×10−6 g/mL (H1N1) 6×10−1–6×106 PFU/mL (H3N2) |
44.2×10−15g/mL (H1N1) 2.5 PFU/mL (H3N2) |
recombinant H1N, clinical H3N2 in human serum | (Oh et al., 2018) |
| H1N1, Norovirus/DNA oligo | Spherical 20–200 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical | 1 pM – 10 nM | 8.4 pM (H1N1) 8.8 pM (Norovirus) |
DNA oligo | (Lee et al., 2018) |
| H1N1, H3N2/NA | quasi-Spherical ⁓32 nm | Ab | FRET | 10–100 pg/mL | H1N1: 0.03 pg/mL (DI water), 0.4 pg/mL (human serum) H3N2: 10 PFU/mL |
human serum | (Takemura et al., 2017) |
| H3N2 AIV/HA | Spherical 10–60 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 10–5×104 PFU/mL | 3.4 PFU/mL | clinically isolated virus spiked in human serum | (Ahmed et al., 2016) |
| H5N1/HA | Bipyramid n.a. | Ab | colorimetric | 0.001–2.5 ng/mL | 1 pg/mL | HA spiked in human serum | (Xu et al., 2017) |
| H5N2 AIV/HA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | mAb | microfluidic colorimetric | 8×103–⁓8×106 EID50/mL | 2.7×104 EID50/mL (naked eye) 8×103 EID50/mL (smartphone) |
n.a. | (Xia et al., 2019) |
| H7N9/HA | Spherical 11–41 nm | Ab | electrochemical | 0.01–1.5 pg/mL | 7.8 fg/mL | inactivated H7N9 spiked in ground chicken liver and serum | (Wu et al., 2018) |
| H9N2 AIV/M2, HA | Spherical ⁓14 nm | Ab, Fetuin A | electrochemical | 8–128 HAU titer | 16 HAU titer | allantoic fluid | (Sayhi et al., 2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | electrochemical | 0.5–10000 pg/mL | 166 fg/mL (S/N=3) | human serum | (Pei et al., 2019) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓15/30/50 nm | Ab | LSPR | 102–107 fg/mL | 100 fg/mL | HbsAg solution | (Kim et al., 2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical ⁓15 nm | Ab | photoelectrochemical | 0.005–30 ng/mL | 0.5 pg/mL | human serum | (Hu et al., 2018) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical 15–20 nm | Ab | electrochemical | 0.3–1000 pg/mL | 0.19 pg/mL | HbsAg spiked in human serum | (Alizadeh et al., 2017) |
| HBV/HBsAg | Spherical 16–65 nm | Ab | fluorescence | 10−4–1 IU/mL | 5×10−4 IU/mL | HbsAg spiked in PBS | (Wu et al., 2017) |
| HBV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓15 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA colorimetric | 0.1 pM – 250 nM | 0.01 pM | DNA oligo spiked in human serum | (Gao et al., 2017) |
| HBV/DNA | Spherical ⁓30 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical | 102–105.1 copies/mL | 111 copies/mL | DNA isolated from clinical samples | (Chen et al., 2016) |
| HBV/DNA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA colorimetric | 134–5.35×108 IU/mL | 134 IU/mL | clinical blood sample | (Choi et al., 2016) |
| HBV HCV/DNA | Spherical n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | ECL | 0.5–500 pM (HBV) 1–1000 pM (HCV) |
0.082 pM (HBV) 0.34 pM (HCV) |
DNA oligo spiked in human serum | (Liu et al., 2016) |
| HCV/RNA extract | Spherical 20–41 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LSPR | 10–1200 IU/μL | 4.57 IU/μL | human serum | (Shawky et al., 2017) |
| HEV/virus | Spherical ⁓14 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 8.75×10−8–10−11 g/mL | 4.3×10−12 g/mL | monkey feces | (Khoris et al., 2020) |
| Zika/NS1 | Spherical ⁓102 nm | Ab | SERS | 10 ng/mL – 50 μg/mL | 12.5 ng/mL | recombinant NS1 in PBS | (Camacho et al., 2018) |
| Zika/DNA | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical | 10−12–10−6 M | 0.82 pM | human serum | (Steinmetz et al., 2019) |
| Zika/RNA | Spherical 2.7–4.4 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | FRET | 6.73–6730 copies/mL | 1.7 copies/mL | culture supernatant total RNA isolation | (Adegoke et al., 2017) |
| Norovirus/NoV GII | Spherical ⁓12 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 102–106 copies RNA/mL fecal solution | 13.2 copies/mL fecal solution | feces | (Khoris et al., 2019) |
| Norovirus/virus | Spherical ⁓20 nm | aptamer | colorimetric | 200–33000 copies/mL | 30 copies/mL | cultured virus | (Weerathunge & Ramanathan, 2019) |
| Norovirus/virus | Spherical ⁓11 nm | Ab | FRET | 102–105 copies/mL | 95 copies/mL | feces | (Nasrin et al., 2018) |
| Norovirus/capsid protein | Spherical ⁓16 nm | DNA aptamer | microfluidic electrochemical | 100 pM – 3.5 nM | 100 pM | rVLP spiked in peptidoglycan solution or whole bovine blood | (Chand & Neethirajan, 2017) |
| Norovirus/NoV-LP | Spherical 10–500 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 100 pg/mL – 10 μg/mL | 92.7 pg/mL | NoV-LP spiked in human serum | (Ahmed et al., 2017) |
| Norovirus/flavivirus group antigen | Spherical ⁓200 nm | Ab | electrochemical | 0.01 pg/mL – 1 ng/mL | 1.16 pg/mL | NoV-LPs | (Lee et al., 2017) |
| HIV-1/pol gene oligo | Spherical ⁓75 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical | 10−16–10−7 M | 3.7×10−17 M | DNA oligo | (Shamsipur et al., 2019) |
| HIV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | PCR-DLS | 10 aM – 1.9 pM | 1.8 aM | DNA oligo spiked in human serum | (Zou & Ling, 2018) |
| HIV/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓28 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | RCA fluorescence | 5 fM – 1.67 pM | 1.46 fM | DNA oligo spiked in bovine serum | (Zheng et al., 2018) |
| HIV/p24 protein | Cluster ⁓2 nm | Ab | fluorescence | 5–1000 pg/mL | 5 pg/mL | protein spiked in buffer or human serum | (Kurdekar et al., 2018) |
| HIV-1/DNA oligo | Spherical ⁓40 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | LFA SERS | 0–64 ng/mL | 0.24 pg/mL | DNA oligo in buffer | (Fu et al., 2016) |
| EV71/VP2 | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Ab | LDI-MS | 103–105 PFU/mL | 103 PFU/mL | clinical human serum | (Chu et al., 2019) |
| EV71/virion | Spherical ⁓13 nm | Ab | fluorescence | 1.67×103–2.505×105 copies/mL | 1.4 copies/μL | clinically isolated | (Xiong et al., 2018) |
| EV71/VP1 | Spherical ⁓27 nm | Ab | colorimetric | 0.25–10000 ng/mL | 0.65 ng/mL | human throat and cloacal swabs | (Xiong et al., 2017) |
| Ebola/oligo | Spherical n.a. | Complementary DNA oligo | LRET | 50–700 fM | 300 fM | clinically isolated RNA | (Tsang et al., 2016) |
| Ebola/IgG | Spherical ⁓20/40 nm | anti-human IgG Ab rGP1–649 VP40 NP |
LFIA smart phone reader | 20 ng/mL – 20 μg/mL | 200 ng/mL | sera | (Brangel et al., 2018) |
| Ebola virus/glycoprotein | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | LFIA fluorescence colorimetric | 2–1000 ng/mL | 0.18 ng/mL | glycoprotein or whole virion spiked in buffer, tap water, urine, and plasma | (Hu et al., 2017) |
| Dengue/ | Spherical ⁓78 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical fluorescence | 10−14–10−6 M | 9.4 fM | DNA oligo spiked in PBS buffer | (Dutta Chowdhury & Ganganboina, 2018) |
| Dengue/NS1 | Spherical ⁓40 nm | Ab | electrochemical | 1–25 ng/mL | 0.5 ng/mL | NS1 spiked in PBS | (Sinawang et al., 2016) |
| HPV 16/L1 protein | Spherical ⁓5/20/40 nm | aptamer | LDI-MS | 2–80 ng/mL | 58.8 pg/mL | clinical sample, HPV vaccine | (Zhu et al., 2019) |
| IPNV/virus | Spherical ⁓5 nm | Ab | fluorescence LFIA colorimetric | 8–8×104 TCID50/mL | 1.02 TCID50/mL (fluorescence) 0.88 TCID50/mL (LFIA) |
recombinant virus | (Chayan et al., 2019) |
| NDV–AV29/virus | Spherical ⁓80 nm | Ab | LSPR | 5–5000 pg/mL | ∼25 pg/mL with a minimum detectable volume of 200 μL or 5 pg | allantoic fluid | (Luo et al., 2018) |
| Coxsackie B3/oligo | Spherical ⁓16 nm | Complementary DNA oligo | electrochemical | 0.01–20 μM | 0.18 nM | DNA oligo | (Nagar et al., 2019) |
| FAdV-9/virus | Nanobundle ⁓700 nm (length) ⁓10 (diameter) |
Ab | optoelectronic | 10–104 PFU/mL (buffer), 50–104 PFU/mL (chicken blood) | 8.75 PFU/mL (buffer), 37.15 PFU/mL (chicken blood) | PBS buffer, chicken blood | (Ahmed et al., 2018) |
| SFTSV/nucleocapsid protein | Spherical ⁓20 nm | Ab | LFIA colorimetric | 0.1–2000 ng/mL | 1 ng/mL | human serum | (Zuo et al., 2018) |
| Rubella virus/IgM | Rod ⁓60×16 nm | Rubella antigen | colorimetric | 10–107 ng/mL | 10 ng/mL | clinical serum samples | (Zhang et al., 2018) |
a
HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HEV: hepatitis E virus; HPV: human papillomavirus; HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus type 1; SFTSV: severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus; EV71: Enterovirus 71; IPNV: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus; LDI-MS: laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry; LFA: lateral-flow assay; LFIA: lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay; rGP: recombinant glycoprotein; VP40: matrix protein; NP: nucleoprotein; AIV: avian influenza virus; HA: hemagglutinin; NA: neuraminidase; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; M2: Matrix protein 2; FAdV-9: Fowl adenovirus-9; FRET: fluorescence resonance energy transfer; LSPR: localized surface plasmon resonance; RCA: rolling circle amplification; rVLP: recombinant virus-like particle; NoV-LP: norovirus-like particle; SERS: surface-enhanced Raman scattering; ECL: electrochemiluminescence; n.a.: not available.